The Year 2000 Essays - Software Bugs, Computer Programming

The Year 2000 Introduction Many may dismiss the predictions that there would be a worldwide chaos on January 1, 2000 as many computers programmed with two-digit year fields would mistake it to be 1900 and breakdown. However, we need not wait for the turn of the century for the trouble. Signs of early troubles are already everywhere to sufficiently warrant both IT and business managers to take the issue seriously, if they have not already done so. What seemed as a reasonable solution to costly storage problem in past, would now cost, by some estimates, 600 Billion dollars to organizations worldwide. No matter what the final cost comes out to be, even at conservative 300 billion dollars, it is no pocket change. All concern parties must have thorough understanding of the problem, its solutions, and possible ramifications. Importance of the Issue IT managers are not the only one who needs to understand the depth of Y2K problem. Business managers probably has more in stake here than any one else. If ti mely solutions are not achieved, many business stands to lose many billions of dollars in form of lost revenues. This loss does not include possible losses resulting from litigation and out-of-court settlements. Many firms, including some large ones, have continued to drag their feet on fixing Y2K related problems. Companies with Y2K problems now often cannot find people to work on those problems. Shortages of qualified people to work on Y2K projects are very evident globally. January 1st, 2000 is a non-flexible date that is sure to come without any mercy and possibility of extension. If companies are not addressing it by now, they are simply playing catch-up(14). The good news is that the technical know-how exists and many tools are available. For many organizations, problem can be adequately addressed even if they start now but for a higher cost, of course. Historical Perspective In 1956, Howard Aiken, a computer pioneer from Harvard University remarked: If it should ever turn ou t that basic logic of a machine design for numerical solution of differential equations coincide with the logic of a machine intended to make bills for a department store, I would regard this as the most amazing coincidence that I have ever encountered.(1) First, it was truly an amazing coincidence. Second, the first generation of computer programmers were also right by recording years as two digit numbers. It saved costly storage capacity. Third, by another amazing chance, the result of a correct decision will be an expensive (may be the most expensive) industrial accident of our time. Many articles have included stories that show the date problem surfacing as early as 1993: In 1993, associated Press reported that Mary Bandar of Minnesota was invited to attend kindergarten classes, since she was born in 88. She was born in 1888 and was 104 years old. C.G. Blodgetts auto insurance premium tripled when he was reclassified as youthful high-risk driver. He turned 101. What is the Year 2000 problem? It is not one, but series of problems. It Involves software, computer hardware, data, people, and large amounts of money. Nature of these problems can be explained simply: until 1989, all of the standards followed to create computer programs stated that only last two digits would be used to identify the year. As the millennium nears, most computers would regard 2000 as 1900. In late 1800s, Mr. Hollerith invented the punch card with 80 columns to help the U.S. Census done on time. Same cards has been in use for programming until recent time. Eighty characters of information was barely enough for a full name and address. To save space for more important information, programmers designated two-digit year field assuming all years would have same prefix of 19. Even when computers were later equipped with larger storage capacities in magnetic form, memory was the most expensive part of the machine and programmers continued to use two-digit year field to save memory. How the problem continued Programmers of 1960s and 1970s assumed that these program would long be replaced with new ones before the turn of the century. Though the computer hardware has come a long ways in past 30 years, the mainframe machine is

Business processing model

Business processing model Business processing model refers to the manner in which concepts are handled in a firm, as opposed to what is being done. This is the main distinction between this concept and system modeling. It facilitates in deciding the nature of business undertakings, therefore, facilitates competent decision making as pertains to the concepts to be adopted. They record daily activities, making it is easier to determine processes that can be managed easily and those that need upgrading.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business processing model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This concept, if adopted by Wood House Day Spa in Cincinnati, Ohio will be of immense benefit to their undertaking. This firm concentrates on promoting personal health through diet and other fitness activities. Clients are taken through a plethora of training regimes, both in the gym and outdoor events. They undergo regular massage sessions and have access to a spa. In addition to this, Wood House has a retail outlet for their beauty products and food supplements. Since it is a new company, they offer their services at affordable costs and have ambitions of transforming themselves into market leaders. In order to achieve this, it is imperative that they adopt a suitable Internet based business processing model. Business model and Its Importance In order for one to achieve success in online marketing, they should staunchly believe in the philosophy that success relies on consumers, as opposed to purchasers. Computers characterize life for a majority of the populace. With these in mind, they should be willing to avail free information on their products online, since a majority of persons will not be willing to spend on commodities they do not know. The utility model is flexible enough and can serve them well, helping them achieve their goal. It contends that although users consider service a necessity, reliability is essential, and this may limit utilization of capacity. Functional stipulation for Internet use and benefits of a Website Electronic retailing is among the fastest growing online ventures at the moment. By designing a website, they will publicize their products on a large scale, without any restrictions. They also stand a chance of earning proceeds if people will want to advertise on their portal. Wood House can post information about their organization and products on select websites, with links to their portal for further information. They stand to benefit a great deal from this since most people prefer remote shopping. Delivery services can be outsourced from other companies hence keeping their overhead low.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Communication with their customers will be swifter and more reliable. They can establish email addresses and premium numbers as to serve as hotl ines for use incase of any emergency. Random clients can also be picked to participate in online surveys to help them improve their product and service quality. In line with this, the Manufacturer Direct concept is the best model they can adopt. This front provides them with several models, most notably the purchase model, which will allow them to sell their goods directly to their purchasers. They will enjoy all profits arising from the sales. For their therapeutic products, they can adopt the lease model. They will allow customers to access to services for a specified duration before billing them as agreed upon. This method can be used for regular customers. Lastly, the Brand-Integrated integrated approach can also be used to interact with customers and sell them products. Wood House will formulate messages with information on the products and relay them to target audiences. In order to achieve this, they require a server. Technological stipulation for Implementation and software utilized IBM Super computer are aptly suited for this job. Personal computers, most preferably desktop computers are necessary. They will require word processing software to create material for their clients and format converters to make them up loadable. JavaScript is the best programming language they can use to design their website. References Bono, E and Heller, R. (2006). Internet Commerce: You cant afford to bide your time with new technology. Web. Fox, S. C. (2008). Internet Riches: The Simple Money-Making Secrets of Online Millionaires. New York: AMACOM Div American Mgmt Assn Rappa, M. A. (2004). The utility business model and the future of computing services. IBM Systems Journal Vol. 43 No 1.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Business processing model specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Rappa, M (2010). Business Models on the Web. Digital enterprise Retrieved from http://digitalenterprise.org/models/models.html

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Womens Suffrage Leader

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Women's Suffrage Leader Elizabeth Cady Stanton (November 12, 1815–October 26, 1902) was a leader, writer, and activist in the 19th-century womens suffrage movement. Stanton often worked with Susan B. Anthony as the theorist and writer, while Anthony was the public spokesperson. Fast Facts: Elizabeth Cady Stanton Known For: Stanton was a leader in the womens suffrage movement and theorist and writer who worked closely with Susan B. Anthony.Also Known As: E.C. StantonBorn: November 12, 1815 in Johnstown, New YorkParents: Margaret Livingston Cady and Daniel CadyDied: October 26, 1902 in New York, New YorkEducation: At home, the Johnstown Academy, and the Troy Female SeminaryPublished Works and Speeches:  Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments (co-drafted and amended), Solitude of Self, The Womens Bible (co-written), History of Womens Suffrage (co-written), Eighty Years and MoreAwards and Honors: Inducted into National Womens Hall of Fame (1973)Spouse: Henry Brewster StantonChildren: Daniel Cady Stanton, Henry Brewster Stanton, Jr., Gerrit Smith Stanton, Theodore Weld Stanton, Margaret Livingston Stanton, Harriet Eaton Stanton, and Robert Livingston StantonNotable Quote: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men and women are created equal. Early Life and Education Stanton was born in New York in 1815.  Her mother was Margaret Livingston and descended from Dutch, Scottish, and Canadian ancestors, including people who fought in the American Revolution. Her father was Daniel Cady, a descendant of early Irish and English colonists.  Daniel Cady was an attorney and judge. He served in the state assembly and in Congress. Elizabeth was among the younger siblings in the family, with one older brother and two older sisters living at the time of her birth (a sister and brother had died before her birth).  Two sisters and a brother followed. The only son of the family to survive to adulthood, Eleazar Cady, died at age 20. Her father was devastated by the loss of all his male heirs, and when young Elizabeth tried to console him, he said, I wish you were a boy.  This, she later said, motivated her to study and try to become the equal of any man. She was also influenced by her fathers attitude toward female clients.  As an attorney, he advised abused women to stay in their relationships because of legal barriers to divorce and to the control of property or wages after a divorce. Young Elizabeth studied at home and at the Johnstown Academy, and then was among the first generation of women to gain a higher education at the Troy Female Seminary, founded by Emma Willard. She experienced a religious conversion at school, influenced by the religious fervor of her time. But the experience left her fearful for her eternal salvation, and she had what was then called a nervous collapse. She later credited this with her lifelong distaste for most religions. Radicalization and Marriage Elizabeth may have been named for her mothers sister, Elizabeth Livingston Smith, who was the mother of Gerrit Smith.  Daniel and Margaret Cady were conservative Presbyterians, while cousin Gerrit Smith was a religious skeptic and abolitionist.  Young Elizabeth Cady stayed with the Smith family for some months in 1839, and it was there that she met Henry Brewster Stanton, known as an abolitionist speaker. Her father opposed their marriage because Stanton supported himself completely through the uncertain income of a traveling orator, working without pay for the American Anti-Slavery Society.  Even with her fathers opposition, Elizabeth Cady married abolitionist Henry Brewster Stanton in 1840.  By that time, shed already observed enough about the legal relationships between men and women to insist that the word obey be dropped from the ceremony. After the wedding, Elizabeth Cady Stanton and her new husband departed for a trans-Atlantic voyage to England to attend the Worlds Anti-Slavery Convention in London. Both were appointed delegates of the American Anti-Slavery Society.  The convention denied official standing to women delegates, including Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. When the Stantons returned home, Henry began to study law with his father-in-law.  Their family quickly grew.  Daniel Cady Stanton, Henry Brewster Stanton, and Gerrit Smith Stanton were already born by 1848; Elizabeth was the chief caregiver of them, and her husband was frequently absent with his reform work.  The Stantons moved to Seneca Falls, New York, in 1847. Womens Rights Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met again in 1848 and began planning for a womens rights convention to be held in Seneca Falls. That convention, including the Declaration of Sentiments written by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and approved there, is credited with initiating the long struggle toward woman suffrage and womens rights. Stanton began writing frequently for womens rights, including advocating for womens property rights after marriage. After 1851, Stanton worked in close partnership with Susan B. Anthony. Stanton often served as the writer, since she needed to be home with her children, and Anthony was the strategist and public speaker in this effective working relationship. More children followed in the Stanton marriage, despite Anthonys eventual complaints that having these children was taking Stanton away from the important work of womens rights.  In 1851, Theodore Weld Stanton was born, then Margaret Livingston Stanton and Harriet Eaton Stanton. Robert Livingston Stanton, the youngest, was born in 1859. Stanton and Anthony continued to lobby in New York for womens rights, up until the Civil War. They won major reforms in 1860, including the right after divorce for a woman to have custody of her children and economic rights for married women and widows.  They were beginning to work for reform on New Yorks divorce laws when the Civil war began. Civil War Years and Beyond From 1862 to 1869, the Stantons lived in New York City and Brooklyn. During the Civil War, womens rights activity was largely stopped while the women who had been active in the movement worked in various ways first to support the war and then work for anti-slavery legislation after the war.   Elizabeth Cady Stanton  ran for Congress in 1866 in a bid to represent New Yorks 8th Congressional district. Women, including Stanton, were still not eligible to vote.  Stanton received 24 votes out of about 22,000 cast. Split Movement Stanton and Anthony proposed at the Anti-Slavery Society annual meeting in 1866 to form an organization that would focus on equality for women and African-Americans.  The American Equal Rights Association was the result, but it split apart in 1868 when some supported the 14th Amendment, which would establish rights for black males but would also add the word male to the Constitution for the first time, while others, including Stanton and Anthony, were determined to focus on female suffrage. Those who supported their stance founded the National Woman Suffrage Association (NWSA) and Stanton served as president. The rival American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA) was founded by others, dividing the womens suffrage movement and its strategic vision for decades. During these years, Stanton, Anthony, and Matilda Joslyn Gage organized efforts from 1876 to 1884 to lobby Congress to pass a national woman suffrage amendment to the constitution.  Stanton also lectured for the traveling public programs known as the lyceum circuit from 1869 to 1880.  After 1880, she lived with her children, sometimes abroad. She continued to write prolifically, including her work with Anthony and Gage from 1876 through 1882 on the first two volumes of the History of Woman Suffrage. They published the third volume in 1886. In these years, Stanton cared for her aging husband until his death in 1887. Merger When the NWSA and the AWSA finally merged in 1890, Elizabeth Cady Stanton served as the president of the resulting National American Woman Suffrage Association.  She was critical of the direction of the movement despite serving as president, as it sought southern support by aligning with those who opposed any federal interference in state limits on voting rights justified more and more the womens right to vote by asserting womens superiority.  She spoke before Congress in 1892, on The Solitude of Self. She published her autobiography Eighty Years and More in 1895. She became more critical of religion, publishing with others in 1898 a controversial critique of womens treatment by religion, The Womans Bible. Controversy, especially over that publication, alienated many in the suffrage movement from Stanton, as the more conservative majority of suffrage activists were concerned that such skeptical free thought ideas might lose precious support for suffrage. Death Elizabeth Cady Stanton spent her last years in ill health, increasingly hampered in her movements. She was unable to see by 1899 and died in New York on October 26, 1902, nearly 20 years before the United States granted women the right to vote. Legacy While Elizabeth Cady Stanton is best known for her long contribution to the woman suffrage struggle, she was also active and effective in winning property rights for married women, equal guardianship of children, and liberalized divorce laws. These reforms made it possible for women to leave marriages that were abusive of the wife or the children. Sources â€Å"Elizabeth Cady Stanton.†Ã‚  National Womens History Museum.Ginzberg, Lori D. Elizabeth Cady Stanton: An American Life. Hill and Wang, 2010.

Public policy project Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Public policy project - Assignment Example The reforms are; new benefits, protection and rights, rules for the Insurance Companies, the taxes, the tax breaks, spending, funding, creation of committees, education and among others. The idea Affordable Healthcare Act (ACA) came just a month after the inauguration of Obama (February 2009). During this time, the president addressed a joint assembly of the United States Congress, imploring the Congress that time was right for the overhauling of the health care. On September 9, Obama went yet another joint session of the Congress to outline the reform measures in regard to the Act. The version of the health care bill was passed on November 7 by the House of the Representative by a slim margin of 220-2015. Later on the Senate proceeded with its debate on the health care that was projected to be passed before the Christmas. Though it went through many hurdles, on December 24, all the Democrats united and the Senate passed its version of the legislation. On March 23, 2010 President Obama signed the Act. The Supreme Court on June 28, 2012 rendered the final decision to uphold the health care law. According to the Congressional Budget Office (CBO), the Affordable HealthCare Act’s coverage expansion is approximated to cost $1.363 billion for the periods 2014-2023 in the mandatory expenditures (Gruber, 2011). The ACA and its companion reconciliation legislation contains a number of the provisions that are designed to raise the revenue to offset the cost of the health reform law. Apart from the individual mandatory tax/penalty, the ACA is partly funded by the increased taxes on the other non-health and health related items and services. Additionally, there are numerous new increased taxes and the fees that are meant to fund the Act. Some of the sources for the Act include; 0.9% increase in the Medicare Tax Rate, 3.8% new tax on the unearned income of the

Finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 12

Finance - Essay Example which often threaten businesses profitability due to unexpected cost, and if some businesses fail to comply with these regulations they faces penalties, and other stick regulatory problems and in short there is threat to their long term sustainability, so organization need to be serious while dealing with such regulatory issues, which are not often taken serious by most companies and at last faces huge financial liabilities Companies operating in Europe has entered into a new era of environmental risk management with regard to prevention and remedy of environmental damage as per a recent survey by Harvard Business Review Analytic services 60% of the companies are now concerned about the environmental risk and are serious about it, therefor lglo Group should conduct a complete study that this new investment should not bring such threats for which company may bear regulatory obligations that effect its profitability and bring long term sustainability of company into question, (sustainable, 2015) As for as long term business strategies are concerned lglo group need to be proactive regarding its strategic plans of either new installation or introduction of new ways power resources, that either all these activities have any environmental effect and if they have then are there any breach of regulation with regard to environmental regulation, because if such new changes affect these environmental regulations then it may harm companies long term sustainability. First of all in future it will reduce cost of production of lglo and other products also due low cost of power resource, hence it will affect production department costing, marginal cost of production reduces due to this low cost of production, so selling price would also be affected means marketing department would be affected, further external stake holders would also be affected like environmental agencies

Gay Marriage Essay Example for Free

Gay Marriage Essay Persons acquire special duties on account of their moral and legal relationship to another. One such relationship is established in marriage. Marriage is a moral and legal contact between a man and woman. It is a moral contract because it is entered into by both parties, giving free and voluntary consent. It is a legal contract because it is solemnized in accordance with the law. Marriage is an important institutional element of the family. It is the cultural mechanism that ensures its continuity. Marriage is an institution consisting of a cluster or mores and folkways, of attitudes, ideas, and ideals, of social definitions and legal restrictions (see Brennan, Robert Edward: Thomistic Psychology, New York Macmillan Co. , 1999). People marry for a combination of reasons: love, economic and emotional security, the parents’ wishes, escape from loneliness or an unhappy home situation, money, companionship, protection, adventure, or common interests (see Buckley, Joseph: Man’s last End, London, Herder Book Co. , 1999). Sex or sexual attraction is the least consideration, but marriage makes sexual intercourse legitimate. It sanctions parenthood and provides a stable background for rearing of children. Marriage is the foundation of the family, an inviolable social institution. Its purpose may not necessarily be for procreation or to have children but for companionship, as in the case of couples past the age of procreation. This paper intends to discuss the pros and cons of gay marriage or same-sex marriage. II. Discussion A. Pros †¢ Society should allow same Gay Marriage: In the article, fighting the same sex marriage should be allowed. Ralph Wedgwood firmly believes that same- sex couple has every right to marry. For him, marriage is not just a mere ceremony but through it the people in the community may know that both of the parties are very serious of their relationship and that it is not just a game. For them, it is a commitment and a thing to be really cherished even if the society throws issues on them. Having a same sex relationship that eventually, if permitted could lead to marriage is about a domestic and long lasting relationship. The article by Wedgwood, who is an assistant professor of Philosophy at the Massachusetts Institute of technology at Cambridge. The purpose of marriage is mutual support and companionship. Marriage is a state where spouses compliment each other. Love and concern for each other is the foundation of a happy marriage. Without such love and appreciation for each other, no man and woman or a couple with the same sex can be together permanently. Thus, such love which draws spouses in marriage must be more than physical attachment, sexual attraction, or infatuation. It is the deep commitment of matured persons for each other. Married spouses have every rights and duties to perform like in the financial aspect, in division of possession, insurance and other things that should be shared by the couple. Many same sex couples now are being given privilege if they are not yet married or are committed legally with each other Marriage is not just about rights and benefits they will get from the society and with their partners. It is a deeper union of the souls loving each other. Some people tags marriage of low- respect, they see marriage as a means of satisfying ones’ self of sexual desires, well in fact it is more than that. Procreation and sex are not the only reason why people want to get married. Some couples after getting married and found out that it won’t click, and then decides to get a divorce. A person does not have any right to choose and disapprove a decided marriage, the decision is up to the ones involve in the relationship. The laws determine the ones who are those that are married and those who are not being recognized. Society’s expectations on marriage depend on the rights and obligations of both parties, thus these duties and obligations should be done by both parties. The spouse should support his/ her partner, and if divorce will result they should equally divide all their properties. Marriage is a serious thing to decide. The parties should be that committed and they should really love and care for each other. Marriage is not just a joke; it is a long term domestic partnership with the one you adore. Same sex couples want to get married for the reasons that a normal boy- girl relationship also has. They are not just after of the benefits and privilege that they could get in the society and with their spouses but they also want to be recognized by the society. Their relationship is not just purely based on lust or sexual desires but also for them to have a serious commitment, like sharing of responsibilities. Many homosexuals, lesbians and gays aspires that what the society expects of marriage is also the kind of marriage that they are dreaming to achieve or to have. Many questions are being raised on having a domestic partnership. People may ask, if having a domestic partnership is renewable? Do they really have to support each other in all aspects? Or they just stick with each other because of sex and fun? For the society, it is less recognized than having the ceremony of marriage. They wanted to be recognized by the society that even if they are of the same sex, they still know what real love is and they are ready for a lifetime commitment. For them it is the greatest benefit of marriage, to be recognized by the society and that is why the State disapproves of this. Many critics say that if same- sex marriage is approved it would then deviate to the real purpose of marriage, such as its real meaning like procreation or the process of bearing children. But as we see now, some of the married couples are not able to perform this duty. The disapproval of same sex marriage still needs to be reviewed. The State is concerned on the moral values of the church, and Christianity. Some believes that heterosexual partnerships are above homosexual relationships. Many criticized same sex marriage and many are against it because it if is approved it will just be equal with the heterosexuals and it will just lower the view of the society about relationships. They should be allowed because they are not hideous criminals to do such an act; it is just being with someone you love. The murderers and even convicted criminals are allowed to marry but still the State still does not allow this kind of relationship. Same sex marriage would not force anybody to allow this gay or lesbian relationship if it is just totally against them and their beliefs. But all they wanted to happen is for the society to understand their feelings and relationships with the same sex and they are really serious with it. B. Cons †¢ Society should not allow same- Sex marriage: According to Burman Skrable, when same- sex marriage will be legalized it would be a great detriment to the society. It totally deviates from the real purpose of marriage which is to â€Å"procreate†. These children will be the future of the society and the environment. Approving it would somehow destroy the essence of marriage and the family which is the basic unit of the society by legalizing a relationship that is non procreative. Some Christians fight to disapprove it. For it totally disobeys God’s doctrines and Commandments. But all of them are aware that these days, there are great query about the laws that God has put up because of the rising taboo that has been happening in the society now. Great changes are being called out by the believers but the challenge of this is fast arising. We should stand firm and follow or obey the instructions that God has written in His Word. We should not involve ourselves in such promiscuous acts that we ourselves know is unacceptable towards God. The couple should give a stable future to their children and family that may be in the aspects of financial, emotional and spiritual. They should bring their children to school and educate them and let them become a friend to all. But how would these become successful if a child is being brought up in such an abnormal way, where in his/ her mother and father are of same sexes. The traditional family is composed of the husband, wife and natural children. These units of the society are all normal variables. This is the one that gives a bright future for the society they are in and also by forming a natural family. The family is the most basic unit of the society where the children are being taught values and morals that greatly affect on how they interact with other individuals in the society. Yes, raising a family is sometimes hard especially in raising finances for their education, but the hardship is worth fighting for because of the love you feel for them. The society expects that these children would make their family and their parents as a model as they will grow and build a family of their own. The society needs a family that is stable and the one that they can really recognize. What they expect is a male and female marriage and not of the same sex. The greatly arising sexual revolution brought a big impact on how individuals and the society see and do things, that sometimes they think is not bad were in fact it has already crossed God‘s boundaries. Time has erased the moral values that we should follow, like now marriage is already not seen as a form of procreation, for raising children; that there should be faithfulness and that sex should only be done with in the bounds of it. For Karen Murray it has become a public declaration of love and pledge of fidelity with the partner. The rise of the same revolutionary forces encourages this interest for having a homosexual marriage. The belief that sex is not just about procreating drives the toleration of the society of this same- sex marriage. But the homosexuals does not get affected by this instead they are proud that they have found a relationship where in they will cherish and have commitment forever. Gay marriage or same sex-marriage is totally erasing the real definition of marriage. It removes the reality that it is only the man and the women are to be bind, that both partners should procreate to raise their children who are the hope of the society’ improvement. Approving or making same- sex marriage legal would dissolve the uniqueness of the sacrament that God has given to us. If same sex marriage would be approve, it could jeopardize the health of the society. Diseases like HIV, AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases are much great when one is involved in this same- sex marriage. III. Conclusion The foundation of the family is marriage, which provides the cultural mechanism to insure its continuity. This marriage is the one God wanted for us. The family performs varied functions, among them the sex and parental function, socialization and social control, biological maintenance, status placement, and economic, religious, educational, recreational, and political functions. Therefore, Marriage is such a holy and sanctified Eucharist and is bound to be respected by people.

Highwaymen of the Superhighway Essay -- Media

The internet is an unregulated and chaotic environment that is only loosely governed by social norms that have been established by the more well-respected users leading the rest over many years. The anonymity of these billions of users allows them to break these rules and conventions with little risk of negative consequence. One of the biggest problems that stems from this is the pirating of media. Internet pirates will make media such as movies, television shows, and music available on websites such as The Pirate Bay, where users can download this content this free. This system takes money away from creators and designers and gives it to the advertisers on pirating websites. There are two reasons that people pirate media: either the content they want is too expensive, or more likely, the content they want is unavailable or too hard to obtain. Often pirating is not a malicious act, but simply an easy way for users to gain access to things that Hollywood has made difficult to acquire. An example of this being the popular HBO series, â€Å"Game of Thrones.† For a long time, fans of this show were unable to buy the show’s first season because it was not on popular paid services including Netflix, iTunes, and Amazon. However, the first season was available to be downloaded for free on multiple pirating websites. Situations like this have created millions of pirates, accounting for billions of illegal downloads a day in music alone (a monstrous 95% of music downloads) (Swash). The problem of pirating is global and the government fears the intervention of foreign websites with malicious intent. The interconnected design of the internet puts all users at risk, even those who do not pirate. Many internet pirates justify their actions with ... ...ir own. With a system like the IDA, the internet can be made into a much safer place for everyone and calm the worries of the media industry. Hopefully the government will be able to regain the trust of the public and pass appropriate legislation that targets the true criminals.  Works Cited Newman, Jared. "SOPA and PIPA: Just the Facts." PCWorld. PCWorld, n.d. Web. 20 May 2012. Null, Christopher. "The 50 Most Important People on the Web." PCWorld. PCWorld, 5 Mar. 2007. Web. 21 May 2012. Potter, Ned. â€Å"SOPA Blackout: Wikipedia, Google, Wired Protest ‘Internet Censorship’† ABC News. ABC News, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 20 May 2012. "Solutions For Government And The Public Sector." IBM Internet Security Systems. IMB., n.d. Web. 21 May. 2012. Swash, Rosie. "Online piracy: 95% of music downloads are illegal." The Guardian. The Guardian, 16 Jan. 2009. Web. 20 May 2012. Highwaymen of the Superhighway Essay -- Media The internet is an unregulated and chaotic environment that is only loosely governed by social norms that have been established by the more well-respected users leading the rest over many years. The anonymity of these billions of users allows them to break these rules and conventions with little risk of negative consequence. One of the biggest problems that stems from this is the pirating of media. Internet pirates will make media such as movies, television shows, and music available on websites such as The Pirate Bay, where users can download this content this free. This system takes money away from creators and designers and gives it to the advertisers on pirating websites. There are two reasons that people pirate media: either the content they want is too expensive, or more likely, the content they want is unavailable or too hard to obtain. Often pirating is not a malicious act, but simply an easy way for users to gain access to things that Hollywood has made difficult to acquire. An example of this being the popular HBO series, â€Å"Game of Thrones.† For a long time, fans of this show were unable to buy the show’s first season because it was not on popular paid services including Netflix, iTunes, and Amazon. However, the first season was available to be downloaded for free on multiple pirating websites. Situations like this have created millions of pirates, accounting for billions of illegal downloads a day in music alone (a monstrous 95% of music downloads) (Swash). The problem of pirating is global and the government fears the intervention of foreign websites with malicious intent. The interconnected design of the internet puts all users at risk, even those who do not pirate. Many internet pirates justify their actions with ... ...ir own. With a system like the IDA, the internet can be made into a much safer place for everyone and calm the worries of the media industry. Hopefully the government will be able to regain the trust of the public and pass appropriate legislation that targets the true criminals.  Works Cited Newman, Jared. "SOPA and PIPA: Just the Facts." PCWorld. PCWorld, n.d. Web. 20 May 2012. Null, Christopher. "The 50 Most Important People on the Web." PCWorld. PCWorld, 5 Mar. 2007. Web. 21 May 2012. Potter, Ned. â€Å"SOPA Blackout: Wikipedia, Google, Wired Protest ‘Internet Censorship’† ABC News. ABC News, 18 Jan. 2012. Web. 20 May 2012. "Solutions For Government And The Public Sector." IBM Internet Security Systems. IMB., n.d. Web. 21 May. 2012. Swash, Rosie. "Online piracy: 95% of music downloads are illegal." The Guardian. The Guardian, 16 Jan. 2009. Web. 20 May 2012.

Films Present Psychosocial Disabilities Essay

A number of films feature psychosocial disabilities simply because some people suffer from these illnesses in real life. Through analyzing films, one can comprehend the attitudes of society toward people with these disabilities. It can be a special emphasis on their capabilities or a barrier on their participation in the community. Since these individuals have to relate with society in order to grow and mature as individuals, films try to convey their stories to the audience. Through film, the societal attitudes and on how these affect the lives of people with disabilities are explored. These may be strategies that either help or delineate the societal attitudes on those who have psychosocial disabilities. (De Leon, 352) Therefore, it helps to examine and understand the contributions of these societal attitudes and theories of personality in order to comprehend the relations of those who have psychosocial disabilities to society. The way they cope with their illness and react to loss is slowly observed and from there, the method to relate is determined. It is important to describe the developmental concepts of the person suffering from the illness. His regard on body image and self-concept are factors on how he adjusts with his disability. By reviewing the psychosocial models of adaptations to the disabilities and emphasizing on the patient’s experiences, behaviors, reactions and phases, it is easier to come up with the conclusion on how he can adjust to society. A technique films use in presenting psychosocial disabilities to audience is to figuring out the patient’s commonalities that are both personal and transpersonal to society. By observing the experiences and the reactions from these events, the onset and root of the disability is discovered. (Farrington, 135) Films dealing with psychosocial disabilities increase the understanding of society to what people with these disabilities have to go through. Some will say that these are just movies; however, these movies are inspired by real life. By becoming familiar with the psychosocial adaptations of both the patient and society, counseling and therapeutic procedures will benefit those who need it more because their techniques in coping and adjusting have been tried and tested. This paper will discuss three films that show psychosocial disabilities: 1. ) autism in â€Å"The Rain Man†, AIDS/HIV in â€Å"Philadephia† and mental retardation in â€Å"There’s Something about Mary†. All three films are popular and have been watched by most Americans, therefore it is easier to cite examples in these movies on this paper. For coherence, this paper will present how the disability was represented in the film by describing the patient’s functional limitations. It will also discuss how the disability affects the patient’s body image and self-perceptions. Then it will proceed to the reactions, as well as the coping strategies of the patient with his disability. At the same time, the paper will indicate how society’s reaction towards the patient and his ability affect his attitudes. †Rain Man† (1988) follows Charlie Babbit (Tom Cruise) and his transformation from a selfish yuppie to a selfless brother. This is because of the days he spent with his older brother Raymond (Dustin Hoffman) who is the benefactor of their father’s financial assets but is autistic and has difficulties in communicating. Charlie’s initial reaction to their father’s decision of leaving $3 million to his autistic brother is general as that of most people. He believes that Raymond does not understand the whole concept of money. Therefore, Charlie was determined to get his share. He goes on a road trip with Raymond, only to be annoyed by his neurotic habits. It even gets to the point that he thinks Raymond is pretending to be autistic in order for Charlie to not get his share of the fiscal assets. Autism is a brain development disorder that affects communication and social interaction. It results to repetitive and restricted behavior. In the film, Hoffman does acts that autistics usually do. An example is the memorization of details which most â€Å"normal† people do not pay attention to. In one scene, Charlie and Raymond are supposed to fly to California but the latter resists. He then cites knowledge from both media reports and the encyclopedia on airline accidents and crashes. Raymond creates a scene when Charlie forcefully drags him to the terminal. (Stowe, 12) This is only the beginning of the sling of Raymond’s eccentricities which Charlie has to adjust with. Charlie uses the two-lane highways because Raymond is convinced that highway driving is fatal. He also refuses to go out when it rains. The whole road trip annoys Charlie because he wants to get his inheritance as soon as possible. On the other hand, the people who meet Raymond are amazed of his uniqueness. In a restaurant, one waitress is baffled on how Raymond knows her name and her home phone number. Apparently, he has read up and memorized the directory. The same waitress drops a box of toothpicks on the floor. Raymond calculates the number of toothpicks on the floor and gets the right number. Autistic patients often prefer to do things in order. In the film, Raymond wants maple syrup served before the pancakes. When he does not get his way, he throws a tantrum which brings Charlie to a boiling point. He grabs Raymond’s neck and says, â€Å"Stop acting like a retard! † Autistic patients also like to keep notes. In the movie, Raymond carries a red spiral notebook where he jots down â€Å"squeezed and pulled and hurt my neck in 1988. † Charlie’s relation with his brother Raymond is an allusion of society’s interaction with autistics. Initially, there are feelings of annoyance and irritation. Eventually, these strong quasi-hateful emotions will soften. Like Charlie, society has a growing sense of responsibility to protect autistics from the negative aspects of the world. (Turnbull) †Philadelphia† (1993) tackles HIV/AIDS. The main character is Andrew Beckett (Tom Hanks) who is a University of Pennsylvania law-school graduate. He works for a large law film in Philadelphia. He has not come out of the closet. Also, he has AIDS. It gets to the point where his condition has developed Kaposi’s Sarcoma. This is a form of cancer that is apparent because it comes in multiple tumors on the skin and the lymph nodes. Through a scheme that involves the deleting of the files on the case he has pondered on, he is fired from his job. In the library people leave immediately as soon as they see Andrew with the blotches on his skin. Witnessing the discrimination Andrew has to go through, Joe changes his mind and takes on the case. HIV or Human Immunodeficiency Virus is a retrovirus that results to AIDS or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. The immune system fails to function properly. This leads to life-threatening infections in the human body. Throughout the film, Andrew and Joe establish respect and trust for one another. Joe’s homophobia is not an issue. Despite the shock of the Pennsylvanian population, Joe presents to everyone that Andrew is not a virus in society. He berates Andrew’s boss of perjury by humiliating Andrew claiming that he is incompetent, simply because he is finding a reason to let him go. In the end, Andrew wins his case and he receives a total $4,240,000. This win makes a statement on sexual discrimination in Philadelphia in terms of preference. Unfortunately, for Andrew, the news is bittersweet as he stays in a hospital with his family around him. He undergoes medication to lessen the seizures. There is a moment in the movie wherein Joe approaches Andrew and helps him with his oxygen mask. In that act, Joe’s fingers touch Andrew’s face. This is the complete opposite of how he reacted in the earlier part of the film – when he shook his hand and wiped it clean, after knowing he had AIDS. Released in the early 90s, â€Å"Philadelphia† signaled the move for Hollywood to depict homosexuals realistically. Since then, movies and TV shows feature gays and lesbians, which is a breather to those who are open-minded. (Gary, 224) Schools require sex education in order for teenagers to be informed and knowledgeable on HIV and AIDS. (Green, 42) †There’s Something About Mary† (1998) is a comedy directed by Bobby and Peter Farrelly, collectively known as the Farrelly brothers. Unlike â€Å"Rain Man† and â€Å"Philadelphia,† the psychosocial disability in â€Å"There’s Something About Mary† does not have an entire effect on the film. As opposed to the fact that Charlie and Raymond’s relationship are affected by Raymond’s autism and it is Andrew’s HIV that begins the case in the first place, the psychosocial disability in â€Å"There’s Something About Mary† is Warren’s mental retardation. Warren, played by W. Earl Brown, is the older brother of Mary (Cameron Diaz). He has stunted language and motor skills and has an intellectual capacity as that of a child. In the movie, he gets mad whenever strangers touch his ears. Thus he always has to have these covered. People who are mentally retarded have slow developmental abilities. They have a delay in their learning and development. In the movie, Ted Stroehmann (Ben Stiller) tries so hard to take care of Warren in order to show Mary how much he cares for her, that he is willing look after her brother. Warren in the movie has a hard time speaking. He also finds it hard to remember things and cannot understand the social rules. Whenever Warren does not get his way, he threatens people with his baseball bat. He also has a trouble thinking logically and throws tantrums. The common bond among autism, AIDS and mental retardation is that these are disabilities and are not diseases. Unfortunately, there is no cure to any of these. The only way the family of the patient can help is to support and be physically present as the individual goes through this hard phase. In the United States, there are agencies which assist people with psychosocial disabilities. It is operated by the state and is non-profit. There are departments that provide housing to the staff of the nurses and doctors who care for the patients. An example is the institution Raymond is staying in. Apparently, in real life, there are also institutions such as these. Another social issue that was previously taboo is homosexuality. Thanks to the participation of media, gays and lesbians are given a voice through the characters in movies and TV shows. A stereotype on homosexuals is that they are the ones who have AIDS/HIV. Apparently, straight men like Magic Johnson can also get the disability. Through information technology, people are informed on the 411 of HIV. People with psychosocial disabilities may take several medications but it will not lessen the complications. Therefore, society must participate in special programs that will enlighten them on how to care for those who have these disabilities. It may take some time to accomplish this but the finish line is for â€Å"normal† people and those who have psychosocial disabilities live together, without annoyance and prejudice. (Farber, 124) The prejudice and the exclusion by society of people with these disabilities result to the factors of recognizing those who are intellectual, physical and psychologically smarter, despite their illness. This is what films featuring these disabilities have brought forth into the real world. It may be entertainment, but it is interesting to note that both â€Å"Rain Man† and â€Å"Philadelphia† were somehow inspired by real life stories. Raymond was inspired by Kin Peek while Andrew Beckett’s inspiration was the real-life attorney Geoffrey Bowers who also sued his law firm. One of the current concerns of society is equality. There will always be the struggle for equality, especially in marginalized parties. The equal rights give individuals the ability and the power to make their own decisions. Unfortunately, autistic and those who have mental retardation cannot do as such. Therefore, the social model of disability has been created. This requires a change in society. This motivates people to be more positive toward those with the disabilities. The former must not underestimate the latter’s behavior and traits for the very reason that these may be potential qualities of a contributing citizen. There are social support organizations that deal with the resources, barriers and discrimination of people who have disabilities. (Patricia, 243) Lastly and most importantly, just as like that of HIV/AIDS, these organizations inform the general society what they must know about autism and mental retardation. Just because a loved one is not suffering from the psychosocial disease, it does not mean that one family will stop caring. Films encourage us to care. By letting us into the world of which we are not familiar with, we take in the knowledge that we can, be it the side comedy provided by the supporting character Warren in â€Å"There’s Something About Mary†, or the side story of the courtroom drama in â€Å"Philadelphia† or the best example out of all three, the very reason for two brothers to re-discover one another. Works Cited De Leon, George, Community As Method: Therapeutic Communities for Special Populations and Special Settings, Praeger Publishers, 1997 Farrington, David P. , Early Prevention of Adult Antisocial Behavior, Cambridge University Press, 2003 Stowe, Matthew J, â€Å"Tools for Analyzing Policy â€Å"On the Books† and Policy â€Å"On The Streets†, Journal of Disability Policy Studies, Vol 12, 2001 Turnbull, Rutherford III, â€Å"I Have Six Kids Who Are Autistic†, The Mirror, March 12, 2005 Green, Philip, Cracks in the Pedestal: Ideology and Gender in Hollywood, University of Massachusetts Press, 1998 Arnold, Gary, â€Å"’In’ Fails To Keep Out Incoherent Plot Twists†, The Washington Times, September 19, 1997 Farber, Bernard, Mental Retardation: Its Social Contexts and Social Consequences, Houghton Mifflin, 1968 Ainsworth, Patricia, Understanding Mental Retardation, University Press of Mississippi, 2004

Human life development Essay

Introduction Growth refers to an increase in size, such as changes in an individual’s body for example size, weight, height and shape. Development usually comes in stages, as in the changes in the complexity of an individual and a rise in skills or knowledge, such as learning how to walk. Conception to birth (0-9 months) P1) The internal development is the development of the embryo in the mothers body which is needed to absorb oxygen and food from the blood for the baby. At this stage all of the developments are physical changes. M1) Physically about two weeks after a woman’s menstrual period the ovary releases an egg, which then travels down the fallopian tube. Sperm travels through the cervix and swims into the fallopian tube – one single egg penetrates the egg cell and the resulting cell is called a zygote, then the fertilised egg travels down the fallopian tube. While doing this the fertilized egg divides once it has travelled through the fallopian tube, the embryo implants into the womb lining. From four weeks the embryo now relaxes in the womb lining, the outer cell reach out like roots to come together to the mothers blood supply. The inner layer of cells form into two then later on shape into three, each one of these layers will grow to be different parts of the baby’s body. One of the layers becomes the brain and nervous system, the eyes, skin and ears. Another layer will form into the lungs, gut and stomach; finally the third layer will grow into the blood, muscles, heart and bones. The fifth week is the time of the first missed period when many women are only just beginning to think they may be pregnant. Nevertheless already the baby’s nervous system is starting to develop. A groove forms into the top layer of cells. The cells fold up around to make a hollow tube called the neural tube. This will form into the baby’s brain and spinal cord. At the same time the baby’s heart is coming together and already has some of its own blood vessels. A string of these will link baby and mother and will become the umbilical cord. From week six to seven there is now an outsized bulge where the heart is and a bump for the head because the brain is developing. The heart begins to beat and can be seen beating on an ultrasound scan. Dimples will appear on the side of the head which  will become the ears and there are thickenin gs where the eyes will form. On the baby’s body there will become bumps where the muscles and bones will be forming. At seven weeks the embryo has grown to 10mm long from head to bottom, this measurement is called â€Å"crown- rump length†. By week eight a face is gradually forming, the eyes are more recognizable and have some colour in them. Also there is a mouth in which the tongue has formed. There are now the beginnings of hands and feet, with ridges where the fingers and toes will be. The major internal organs are all developing which are the, brain, heart, kidneys, lungs, gut and the liver. On week nine the baby has grown to about 22mm long from head to bottom. Week ten to fourteen, just 12 weeks after conception the fetus is fully formed. Its development all their organs, muscles, bones, limbs, and its sex organs, from now on it has grown and matured. The baby is now able to move about; however, the movement’s cannot yet be felt. By fourteen weeks the heart beat is well-built and can be heard through using an ultrasound detector. The baby’s heart beat is extremely fast, about twice as fast as a normal adult’s heartbeat. At fourteen weeks the baby is about 85mm long from head to bottom. From week fifteen the baby has now growth swiftly, the body grows bigger so that the head and body are more in proportion and the baby doesn’t look so top heavy. The face looks much more human and the hair is beginning to grow as well as eyebrows and eyelashes. However the eye lids stay closed over the eyes. The lids of the skin of the fingers are now made, so now the baby has its own individual fingerprint. Toenails and fingers are growing and the baby has a firm hand grip. At twenty-two weeks the baby is covered in a very fine, soft hair called â€Å"lanugo†. At about sixteen to twenty-two weeks you will be able to feel the mothers baby move for the first time. The baby is now moving about vigorously and responds to touch and to sound. You may be able to feel the baby hiccup which will make the baby jerk. The baby may also begin to follow a pattern for waking and sleeping. From this stage you are now capable of hearing the heart beat through a stethoscope, also your partner may even be able to hear it by putting an ear to your abdomen, but it may be difficult to find. The baby is now enclosed in a white, greasy substance called †Å"vernix†. It is thought that it is maybe to protect the baby’s skin as it floats in the amniotic fluid. The vernix mostly goes before birth. By twenty-four weeks the baby is called â€Å"viable† this means that the baby is  now thought to have a chance of survival if born. Around about twenty-six weeks the baby’s eye lids are exposed for the first time. The eyes are almost always blue or dark blue. It is not until some weeks after birth that the eyes become the colour they will stay, although some babies do have brown eyes at birth. The head to bottom length at thirty weeks is about 33cm. By the time the baby is thirty-one to forty- weeks is it growing chubbier, so the skin which was quite wrinkled before, is now smoother. Both the vernix and the lanugo begin to disappear. By about thirty-two weeks the baby is typically lying downwards braising for birth. Sometime beforehand the baby’s head may move down into the pelvis and is said to be â€Å"engaged† but sometimes the baby’s head does not engage until labour has begun. Birth to infancy (0-3 years) Physical development P1) When a child is new born they are powerless – this means that it is a parent or caregivers responsibility to ensure it survives however, all children are born with natural physical developments, such as rooting, sucking, swallowing, grasping, stepping and startle reflexes although new born babies have very low muscular co-ordination they are able to focus their eyes and follow sounds from side to side. They are also able to cry and make gurgling sounds which helps indicate the child’s needs. (M1) Humans are fairly helpless and dependent then they are born. To ensure the new-borns survival they need to be looked after. Babies are born with several reflexes which are sucking, rooting, grasping, swallowing, stepping and the startle reflex. New-borns are mostly immobile when they are born and have very little muscular co-coordination. Soon the muscles start to strengthen and babies get going, their movements allow them to begin to explore their environment and learn how their world operates. Physical control progresses downwards, beginning with the head and moving through the arms, neck, trunk and finally their legs. From two months the baby is able to raise its head when lying on its stomach, at four months they can grasp objects using their whole hand, at six months they will be able to sit up without support, at eight months they can start to crawl, at twelve months  they can walk without help, at eighteen months they can climb stairs and run but often fall, at two years they can control muscles which allow for toilet training and they can climb on furniture and kick a ball but not yet catch one, and by three years they will be able to jump and ride a tricycle. Emotional development P1) Our emotional development starts from a very young age that way a child and their main caregiver bond together this will result in the attachment they gain towards one another the emotional development of infancy is all about the intellect of having security around you and the development of trust and self-worth for yourself and others. M1)Emotional development is the way we are able to form effective relationships. Young babies cry if they are parted from their carer for a long time. One-year old babies are about to learn about the effects their behaviour has on their caregiver and they can express emotions through laughter, tears and facial expressions. Two-year old children are known for their temper tantrums as they find it hard to express their emotions. They are able to show a certain degree of empathy, which is often stated through play such as punishing or praising a doll. By the time they get to three, children are most sensitive to other individual’s feelings and are eager to share toys and take turns when playing. They are interested in having friends and this is often when children start nursery or playgroup. Intellectual development P1) At this stage children begin to develop the mind, which allows them to recognise, remember, reason, know and understand things that are around us. This all helps towards developing communication skills which help us to be understood and the start of developing relationships when children start to interact with the environment they develop their own thoughts and responses to the world. Language is also part of intellectual development. M1) intellectual development refers to the development of the mind and lets  us recognise reason, remember, know and understand things around us. As a child co-operates with the environment, they progressively organise their thoughts and develop an appropriate set of responses for dealing with the world. Children should know at least six words by the time the child is eighteen months. Most one-year olds should be able to name straightforward objects and by the age of two most are able to put two or three words together into a trouble-free sentence. By the age of three most speech should be understandable and children should be able to speak in complete sentences. Children at this age love to have stories read to them, often the same ones over and over again. Social development P1) Social development starts a few days after your child is born. New babies will respond to sounds of humans who are around them and will focus on the humans faces social development is linked very closely with emotional development as the first social relationships that are built are with those who are the main care provider for the child. M1) Our need to be sociable seems to be something we are born with, yet babies of a few days old will react to the sound of human speech, touch and smell, however social development starts in the womb. The baby will be able to hear music, a care giver reading a story and how the mother’s mood is. If you watch and listen you will observe that older babies and toddlers make social moves towards each other and are pleased to see each other. At first the most important relationship will be the baby’s caregiver and other family members, whereas relationships with peers become more important as children start to grow up. Young children form relationships and have a habit of showing preferences for particular people. Language skills are vital in the developing of these relationships and, as children develop, they are more able to express their feelings verbally. Children benefit from spending time with younger and older individuals. One way in which children develop social rel ationships outside their families is through play. Childhood 3-11 years (M1) Childhood is such an exciting stage of development with physical skills forming as well as children learning about society in which they live. Children become much more independent and in many cultures already start to take on many responsibilities. Physical Development (P1 When a child leads into their childhood stages they become more independent and take on their own responsibility and choices. The growth at this period is still very fast as they start to develop their body proportions during childhood. These stage children start to develop their growth motor skills which help to co-ordinate and muscle their large muscles, this helps with the skills for an example: walk, run, sit and other physical activities. They also start to develop their fine motor skills which help to co-ordinate and control the small muscles in the body. M1) Growth carry’s on developing rapidly during this phase, however not as fast as in the first few years, and body proportions and beginning to be more becoming more advanced. Children begin to be more aware of things and are cable of tying their on shoes laces, making and decorating a cake, play sport such as football, building a brick tower, play a musical instrument, throwing a ball and gymnastics. Children learn any skills through doing these activities such as co- ordination. Intellectual development For the period of stage children begin to be able to do more logical activities, they also start to understand different concepts whilst you explain things to them however, the individual needs to see them in order to completely understand. As children start to grow up and start to develop intellectual skills their language becomes more fluent and extremely clear. Likewise through this stage children start to develops the sense of the past, present and the future. M1)we can only guess what children are thinking by their gestures and by what they say. During this stage of development numerous things start to change and take place in many different countries this is the time where when  children often start formal schooling, some ideas about what we should be teaching children at this stage are based on Piaget’s theories about what children are capable of understanding. Stage 1- Sensorimotor (0-2 years) the infant learns about the word through their senses such as their mouth and tasting. Born with reflexes- the infant learns to control their muscles and movements. The child needs to develop object permanence- Piaget said s/he doesn’t remember and know that something still exists if it is â€Å"out of sight†. Stage 2 pre-operational (2-7) Children can now use language but Piaget said they can’t think in a logical way. They need to develop â€Å"conservation† i.e. understand that a tall slim glass of water doesn’t contain more water than a short wide glass (children look at the physical size instead of using logic). Stage 3 Concrete operational (7-11 years) the child can use logic but tends to focus on practicable/observable solutions. Stage 4 Formal operational (11+) the individual can now think about problems in their head and come up with different possible solutions. For an example if I turned on the light in a classroom which didn’t work, why do you think this might be. As children are developing and getting older they are able to carry out more logical activities. They start to begin to understand different concepts but often need to actually see concrete objects in order to understand them. For example if the child is learning about fractions they will be able to understand it but only if they can use a concrete example like dividing up a pie so that a number of people can each have a piece. As children retreat through this stage they become more or less fluent in language and may mature a good vocabulary. They start to be able to contrast sentences and use grammar fairly well, it is also during this stage that children begin to see things from other points of views not just their own, Also they have a sense of past, present and future. Moral development is something which also forms during this stage of development this is the process by which children adopt the rules and expectations of the society in which they are brought up and develop of wisdom of right and wrong. This would be learnt from the people around him such as their mother and father. Emotional development P1) During childhood the is the stage where children start to show pleasure towards their families and individuals who the children may be close to. They will create close attachments with these individuals, through this stage children start to develop and show may different emotions which for some changes for the wrong reason. Children will tend to act frustrated, sad and angry. This shows then they start to feel tired or need help with something. M1) as children headway through this stage they start to loosen their attachments with their main carers although they still need their support. They arise to be more individual and start to develop a sense of â€Å"self†. Most of our emotional responses are learned from our primary caregivers. Most children learn to be in control of their emotions responses and to resolve conflict and carers should praise the child when this occurs while trying to understand the temper tantrums of frustration that do occur. At this development the children start to show signs of compassion and empathy and again, carers need to encourage this. During this stage they also start to form the ability to talk about their feelings, even at a young age children will say things such as â€Å"I feel sad† or â€Å"that makes me happy†. Social development P1) childhood is when socialisation occurs to children, this is the development of bonds and friendships between individuals. And this is the stage where friendships outside the family become more significant as they start to move from the stage into adolescence where that begins vital to them. M1) As children form into social begins they go through what is termed â€Å"socialisation†. Primary socialisation takes place within the family although there are many different types of family’s. relationships with people outside of the family become more important as children move through this stage and into teenage years. One way in which these relationships develop is through play. Solitary is where young children like to explore and play with a wide range of toys by themselves. They will also like games  of imagination and make-believe. The approximate age would be 0-2 years, parallel is where toddlers will play alongside others and will even watch what they do but will not play another the approximate age would be 2-3 years. Simple co- operative is where children join in many different activities with others and learn to share and take turns this would be aimed at 3-5 years and complex co- operative is children making up complex games with others, organising themselves and making their own rules. Approximate age would be 5 years and onwards. Adolescence (Teenage ages (11-18 years) Physical development P1) During adolescence the physical change to an individual’s bodies is going through puberty, which is a rapid growth of our bodies an when we become physically able to reproduce. Puberty occurs in both boys and girls usually at the average age of 12. Both female and males go through physically changes such as weight gain and growth spurts. (M1) At puberty, chemicals in your body called hormones set off many physical changes, including growth spurts and weight increases, and boys and girls begin to change and look different as they grow into a young men and women. Similar changes to women and men are under arm hair grows, pubic hair, body smell gets stronger, emotional changes and growth rate increases. Changes which only happen for men are: voice breaks, testes, penis increases, testes start to produce sperm cells, shoulders get wider and hair grows on face and chest. Changes which would happen for women: breasts develop, ovaries start to release egg cells ( period starts) and hips get wider getting ready for pregnancy and birth. Intellectual development P1) At this stage of adolescence the mind develops broader and you start to learn the ability to work with abstract concepts. You also start to develop their long term memory which enables the individual to remember more  information and store it in their brain for a later date such as studying for a upcoming exams, this will be awfully key to in your life stage. M1) Stage 4 Formal operational (11+) the individual can now think about problems in their head and come up with different possible solutions. For an example if I turned on the light in a classroom which didn’t work, why do you think this might be. Teenagers also begin to see the difference between fact and opinion, learns that current actions many have an effect on the future and in late teens they will start to think about what they would like to do in the future for a career. Emotional development P1) At this stage you start to develop your own identify as an individual and your emotional intelligence. Also through this stage their emotional develop is all over the place, it has been portrayed as one of â€Å"storm and stress† in this period it is very common for an individual to feel misunderstood at times and they may start to challenge parental values. M1) At this stage the most important period in development of adult personality. Through this period teenagers may feel overwhelmed; often teenagers alternate from behaving like children and then behaving as adults. They also frequently feel misunderstood and may challenge parental values, deliberately pushing against boundaries by this stage teenagers become less dependent on family for emotional support and turn to their friends for advice. This is called the influence of the peer group. Young people want to be accepted by their friends and this can be sometimes lead to difficult situations, affecting both self- esteem and self- concept which may lead to depression, anxiety, being stressed and confused. Social development P1) this is the most difficult stage for social development because as you come be independent on your peers you may start to find it a fight to fit in with different crowds of individuals. For example the clothing you wear, or the type of personality they have. The main issue for social development  throughout adolescence is peer pressure. M1) Social and emotional development is interlinked and as teenagers gain independent, they spend more times with their friends. This allows them to practise social skills, sometimes called social intelligence. For some adolescents factors such as living in poverty, living in a dysfunction family and/or living somewhere in a are which as high crime make this period of life much more difficult. Peer pressure can also be difficult if in the wrong crowd; this is often a period during which issues such as experimenting with alcohol, sexual orientation and attitudes towards education are examined. However sexual relationships vary on your social group the avenge age is 17 years old. Adulthood ( grown-up 18-65 years) Physical development P1) Individuals which are in their twenties and thirties which would be early adulthood are usually at the peak of their physical development. They are completely mature and it is at this stage that a lot of people have children, Individuals who are in their thirties or older start to see and feel the beginning of physical aging process. M1) Most elite perform at their bet in their twenties and even have to think about their retirement. Good exercise regimes and a healthy lifestyle can help to expand this ad many individuals decide to start to develop their fitness after this age. From around about the age of 30 the physical ageing process begins and individuals begin to note certain changes about their appearance such as wrinkling of the skin, hearing and sight decline, bones lose calcium, greying and thinning hair, flexibility reduces, circulatory system not as efficient and the menopause for women over 50. Intellectual development P1) Early adulthood is the stage where most individuals continue or further their education to get to their desired career, their intellectual health is very important because it helps creativity, general knowledge and common  sense. There is also evidence that memory decreases with age and, just as physical self needs exercise to keep flexible, so an individual’s mind will also need to be kept active. M1) Intellectual development surely does not stop after the age of 18. Some individuals in our society either continue with their education or start work at this stage of development. A lot of young adults continue their education at a collage or university even this stage the individuals intellectual development does not stop. Once at work, many new skills are required and individuals may well also follow a number of more formal training courses. Young adults continue to develop problem solving and decision-making skills. Emotional development P1) Emotional development is very strong at this stage in life as individual aged between their twenties and thirties they will be thinking about life partners and developing close emotional bonds with one another. This is also the time where some people decide to have a family, which means new responsibilities. Most young adults have the emotional maturity to manage these, although there are sometimes too many pressures and they need to access outside help. Middle adulthood from the forties onwards is also a time of change and for some these changes can cause â€Å"Mid-life crisis†. Individuals will start to become aware of their physical ageing, women will go through the menopause, there are a fewer job options, some children are thinking of moving away from their parents, and middle aged adults may be helping looking after their own ageing parents, who are themselves experiencing difficulties. However for many people it is a positive time their experience is valued, they have been productive, there is more freedom as children leave home and people are usually established in their communities. Individuals can look at the contribution they have made to society which gives them a sense of belonging and well-being. Social Development P1) Social changes are significant throughout this stage. In an individual’s twenties they usually do not have too many responsibilities and most people are able to spend quite a bit of free time socializing with other people because friendships becomes vital and they begin to find it exciting being with other individuals and meeting new people. M1) Friendships are vital, both same sex and opposite sex, and meting new individuals is often an exciting activity. Throughout this stage there are many different types of relationships that develop both public and personal. The personal ones will be extended families, long-term friends and, possibly, a life partner. Public relationships are those which take place in the wider world. Such as the world of work, social networks are developed and maintained through a number of different ways. Old age (65+ years) Physical Development P1) This can be a very important stage as physical appears starts to change, the skin starts to become lose and wrinkle in all places, most commonly the face and hands. The hair starts to thin and become grey, in most cases fall out easier. The skeletal bones and the joints become weak and fragile and start to give way. An individual may also develop sight and hearing impairments which is blindness and deafness and the brain stops development if the person is not kept active and this results in memory loss for most individuals. M1) Once an individual hits the age around about their sixties their ageing process progresses more quickly. At some point almost all older people will have to deal with some sort of disability as they are no longer able to the things which they were able to do at a younger stage. Different physical effects of ageing can be their eye sight may find it difficult reading and the brain may cause some memory loss. Intellectual development P1) During this stage keeping mentally active you will still be able to learn  different skills and hobbies, you can keep you intellectual development increasing through lifestyle factors, if you are an active individual this could just be through walking then you are more than likely going to keep your brain mentally more active than those who do not do any physical activity such as exercise. M1) Many individuals do not retire until much later and often act as advisors due to long life experience and wisdom. Older individuals can still learn different skills and hobbies, which has been shown to help people in a positive way. They can learn foreign language, bridge, learn to play a musical instrument, join a painting or pottery glass and play scrabble. Many of these activates also involve others, which in itself provides mental stimulation. Social factors can also be significant. Older individuals who live with their family members and who have a lot of human interactions tend to a lot better both in terms of physical and intellectual health than those who more isolated in old age. Emotional Development P1) Emotional development in old age can be equally positive and negative. When an individual gets to the stage of old age it is known that they have a sense of pride. This is because many young individuals will look up to the older generation and want to listen to the things they have to say. From that it will make them feel like they have made a good contribution to their community. Likewise some older individuals look forward to having their own free time to be able to spend with their family and friends or people who they are with during hobbies. M1)Many old individuals are satisfied to be able to have more free time and are able to spend their retirement visiting family and friends or pursing their hobbies. In some societies the wisdom of old age is valued so those individuals feel they are making a contribution to their communities. But if this is not the cause it can make people feel that they are just a drain. Social Development P1) During old age individuals start to consider retirement, this means that most of the elderly become less social in the community, however it gives them more social time with individuals who care about them such as friends and family. If the individual had strong connections with family and friends this would be the stage where an individual can feel they are losing bonds. This is because people around your own age or older will start to lose their lives which will end up leaving you with a loss of a close friend or a family member is can lead to heavy depression and upset. M1) Many individuals prepare for retirement by developing interests that can followed later and other may do voluntary work. These kinds of social interactions have been shown to be vital for a healthy older age. If families do not live nearby, when partners and friends die or health problems make it difficult to get out, it is easy to become isolated and depressed. But there are now many services designed to help avoid this situation. Bibliography Class notes Text book health and social care Level 2 Btec first : Elizabeth Haworth: Unit 8 published by Pearson Education Limited 2010

DDay1 essays

DDay1 essays In this book report I read the book D-Day and tells u about the time before and the grueling battles that led up to the most memorable and most important day of this century, June 6, 1944, that was D-Day. Also I will mention key points and describe to you what intricate planning and grueling strategy that out smarted the German What really decided the outcome of the war was determined by three things the number of allies, the number of soldiers that where positioned right so that they could defend each area equally, but the problem with the German forces was that they conquered so much land that they couldnt defend it all and that was one main reason the they lost the war. The last main reason was who had more and better weaponry. Which the Germans had a big advantage for the first part of the war. The weapons that they had was the V-2, it was the worlds first medium-range ballistic missile, it wasnt military weapon at all, but a terrorist device. They also had invented the ME-262 twin jet fighter ready for serial production. Its cruising speed was 520 miles per hour, more than 120 miles an hour faster than any plane the allies could send against it, and it mounted four 33mm canon it was known as the Blitz Bomber . When Hitler saw the 262s capabilities he was very impressed, but he wanted something that could bomb London. Another big thing that the Germans used was the B-17 bombers. Hitler was very pleased with them and they were perfect for the 262s to escort them. For example Hitler used the B-17 at the raid of the Berlin March. He used 1,250 B-17 and had 14 groups of jet fighters (262s) and he didnt lose not one plane. The Americans on the other hand had some weapon advantages that had been invented by the British, an American ally, that proved good in the long run such as the LST and the LCT. LST stands for L...

Acute Exacerbation of Asthma

A respiratory viral infection plays a major role in important aspects of asthma and its exacerbation; which is nearly associated for about 80% of overall respiratory condition. Viral pathogen associated with wheezing includes Human Rhinovirus (HRV), Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV), Parainfluenza, and coronavirus (Busse & Lemanske. 2010). Rhinovirus is associated with common colds that may cause sore throat, sinus infection, ear infection and to some degree of bronchiolitis and pneumonia (American†¦ Dermatology Case Study Molly Artime, Paige Cooper, Shonna Dillman, Kasey Parrott, Brigitte Toingar Maryville University Dermatology Case Study The following case study has been given careful consideration. 64-year-old female presents to your office with the complaint of a contusion on her left outer calf 1 month ago when she hit her left leg on furniture at her home. Patient was seen in a local Urgent Care and given unknown antibiotics for a skin infection. Patient did not finish the antibiotic†¦ Airway/Breathing (Oxygenation) Pneumonia/Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Clinical Reasoning Case Study STUDENT Worksheet JoAnn Walker, 84 years old Overview This case study incorporates a common presentation seen by the nurse in clinical practice: community acquired pneumonia with a history of COPD causing an acute exacerbation. Principles of spiritual care are also naturally situated in this scenario to provide rich discussion of â€Å"how to† practically incorporate this into the nurse’s†¦ I. Introduction This is a case of a 74 year old woman who was diagnosed with Community Acquired Pneumonia. Pneumonia is an inflammation or infection of the lungs most commonly caused by a bacteria or virus. Pneumonia can also be caused by inhaling vomit or other foreign substances. In all cases, the lungs' air sacs fill with pus , mucous, and other liquids and cannot function properly. This means oxygen cannot reach the blood and the cells of the body. Most pneumonias are caused by bacterial†¦ and presenting symptoms, the doctor suspected an exacerbation of her COPD. He ordered a chest x-ray which revealed that fluid had accumulated in her lungs. Part of the disease process of COPD is hypersecretion of mucus which collects and fills the lungs (D., Chojnowski, 2003). The consolidation seen was most likely due to this process. Mrs. Jones's symptom work up revealed no obvious cause for this exacerbation, but up to 1/3 of COPD exacerbations have an unknown etiology (D., Chojnowski, 2003).†¦ Case Study: COPD Exacerbation Jeffrey Sherman Due Date: January 16, 2012 Wayland Baptist University Adult Health II COPD Exacerbation The purpose of this paper is to discuss an exacerbation of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) and its effect on my patient, Mr. HS, a 78 year old male. In this paper we will look at the various facets in the disease process including its incidence, pathophysiology, presenting complaints, analysis of his clinical presentation, and discuss treatment†¦ This is a case study on a 76 year old man.Mr Alan Chari(pseudonym used to protect the identity of a patient),was admitted over night in my department.He is a divorcee who stays with son.He is a retired teacher and his son is permanently employed by a local company as an electrician.He is independent with activities of daily livings but is occasionally limited by his ill health.He used to be a heavy smoker .After realising the burden COPD has on general New Zealand population ,affecting about15%†¦ A case study of asthma in a 10 year old European child. This case study will cover the normal structure and function of the respiratory system. This case study will also discuss the changes that occur when asthma is triggered, and the routine diagnostic tests/vital signs for asthma. The normal range of the routine tests/vital signs for asthma and three nursing interventions that are required to meet the clients needs in relation to asthma will be explained further. To stay alive we need oxygen†¦ Assignment Asthma is a condition of the airways that affects millions of Australians and while the incidence is increasing, management strategies such as the written asthma action plan allow individuals to take control of their condition (Australian Asthma Handbook, 2016). This assignment will look at asthma’s common risk factors, the pathophysiology of the disease, while exploring the recent research in management of acute exacerbations and developing an asthma action plan for Sara from the case scenario†¦ Family Health Case Study Kirstin Fisher Beth-El College of Nursing and Health Sciences University of Colorado Colorado Springs A paper submitted in partial fulfillment of NURS 3010: Pathophysiology FALL 2016 Introduction The family member I will be focusing on in this paper will be my maternal grandfather, Andy Anderson. Mr. Anderson is 70 years old and was diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease over 5 years ago. He is a†¦

Leadership and Change Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Leadership and Change - Essay Example With the mail-order being a success, Branson used the money earned from this company to buy a record store and to leverage it into a chain (Branson, 2009). Over time, he has managed to add 360 acquisitions to Virgin Music Group including airlines, trains, books, healthcare, wines, comics, fitness clubs, financial services and space travel among others (Bowerman & Wart, 2011). One major reason behind the success of Virgin group of companies is Branson’s unique leadership, charisma and effective timing (Fox, 2004). These qualities have enabled him to anticipate, and manage change effectively in his business empire. Though he is remarkably reserved and shy in person (Fox, 2004), Branson has the ability to change failures to his advantage, which enables him to gain publicity (Fabrikant, 1997). This daring nature has being the motivation behind his successful empire. Implementation of change Branson’s effective implementation of change can be illustrated by Kotter’s e ight steps change model. As the virgin empire started to expand in 1990s, Virgin megastores, and Virgin Records were doing well (Grant, 2005). However, Virgin Atlantic was not doing well, and it needed huge investments in order to break from being a small time operator to medium sized carrier (Branson, 2002); which is in accordance with Kotter’s model that requires establishment of a sense of contingence to affect change (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). According to Grant (2005), Branson’s ingenious ideas to wade through these circumstances were to float the company, and raise the required expansion capital via the city and shareholders. However, immediately after this decision, it became apparent to Branson that this decision was at odds with the kinds of risks shareholders were prepared to stand (Grant, 2005). Surprisingly, in creating a guiding coalition in accordance with Kotter’s change model, Branson decided to sell Virgin records, and bought back Virgin At lantic. It was through such strategic decisions that Virgin Atlantic has become a successful business empire today. Branson approach in his career is that of influence, and has the ability to create a common purpose among his followers; his approach is to make people achieve things that they did not know they had the ability to achieve (Daft, 2002). Therefore, Branson develops a vision and strategy to implement the specific changes, and communicates the same to his employees; these are among the steps in Kotter’s change model (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). He establishes the change, creates the guiding principles, develops the vision and the strategies to lead to the required change, or to attain his goals. Usually, every organizational change has a range of consequences, and one of the consequences of floatation of Virgin Atlantic was change in internal environment, and an organizational culture in which employees have to thrive in (Cox, 2009). One of the remarkable cultura l changes under Branson was making employees to have decentralized chains of commands, in ensuring that they are not answerable to one leader. Empowering employees for action is one of the steps in Kotter’s change model (Sabri, Gupta & Beitler, 2007). Branson in his organizational culture ensured employees were answerable to shareholders (Grant, 2005). Grant further noted that Richard Branson’s principles and approach to handling change enables transitions to