How does Zeffirelli portray the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia Essay Example

How does Zeffirelli depict the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? Paper Franco Zeffirellis 1990 creation of Hamlet has Glenn Close and Helena Bonham Carter give a role as Queen Gertrude and Ophelia separately. He has the extravagance over a phase creation of having the option to include view, state of mind and energetic close up of character to his film. These additional points of interest permit us to analyze the players in a closer, increasingly private way thus we can take a gander at the figures of Queen Gertrude and Ophelia with alternate point of view. Directly from the beginning the crowd most certainly delineates Gertrude as the sovereign and the essential female of the cast, anyway there is no vindictiveness or terrible aim depicted. We open the film feeling frustrated about her at her spouses burial service yet the speed of her re-marriage makes us question her ethical quality and quality. The crowd is made to scrutinize her character by her physical nature both with Claudius and Hamlet, especially with Hamlet. Their relationship is depicted as seriously Freudian, from the earliest starting point with Gertrude continually contacting Hamlet. Zeffirelli dresses Gertrude in an outfit with a straightforward pale structure yet cut with gold and inconspicuous adornments and her hair is worn like a lofty crown, consistently great and clearly made by specialists. In this we see her position yet dissimilar to different plays her queenly status isn't domineering. Zeffirelli clearly dressing Gertrude in red, a shade of enthusiasm; giving further sign of her warm, sexual and energetic nature just as a knowledge into her attitude. Gertrude is just about her very own casualty craving and she isn't legitimate and this is firmly depicted all through the film. This is especially unmistakable when Gertrude consents to utilizing Ophelia as bate to steak out Hamlet and endures Ophelia being embarrassed; one could contend this is Gertrudes deadly blemish, her latency. We will compose a custom article test on How does Zeffirelli depict the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on How does Zeffirelli depict the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on How does Zeffirelli depict the characters of Gertrude and Ophelia? explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Both her lack of involvement and her guiltlessness are shown when the players perform Claudiuss harming of Hamlet senior and Gertrude doesn't see the equal between the play and her own circumstance. This is by and by fortified in the storeroom scene, ridiculous deed? Nearly as terrible, great mother, as execute a ruler and wed with his sibling, this signs her own honesty of the deed as well as shows her weak and unprotected character to the crowd. We see Gertrudes genuine helplessness and receptiveness when Hamlet slaughters Polonius and admits all to the Queen, regarding Claudiuss foul play. Her face is open and stunned and her look is of finished shock letting us know of her honesty in the Kings demise. Additionally, in this scene we see her genuine affection for her child. Zeffirelli has decided to depict this scene among Hamlet and Gertrude as enthusiastic and cozy, giving the scene Freudian hints. Zeffirelli promptly grasps the Freudian idea of the Oedipus complex. At the point when Hamlet goes up against Gertrude, an energetic kiss is trailed by what gives off an impression of being recreated sex, Zeffirelli depicting Gertrude as seriously sexual and by and by her very own survivor hunger. Before the finish of the scene, another closeness is built up among Gertrude and Hamlet, which conveys them into the last phases of the disaster. From here on, Gertrude dresses and carries on progressively like a cloister adherent all through the film and is extremely respectful to Hamlet; setting up another measurement to her relationship with Hamlet. She is increasingly anxious and impressively less sexual and looks practically frantic and now and again unhinged. By and by we are constrained to feel regret for her as she bids farewell to Hamlet as he withdraws for England. Glenn Close, similar to Helena Bonham-Carter, has been thrown in her job. Zeffirelli has her hold Queen Gertrude with grandness all through; this is featured when she knows about Ophelias passing and the vibe of a practically protective misfortune at Ophelias graveside. Her passage at the duel is generally superb, trumpets play and her women in holding up convey a long train. Her look is of unadulterated love and trust in her child Hamlet. In any case, situated on her seat in shades of dark and light blue she nearly appears to be a sculpture against the dim stone setting. The dueling scene isn't intended to be rich and bright yet cast in shades of frumpiness. In any case, Hamlets quipping carries chuckling to the Queens face yet it is at this time when Gertrude is at her most joyful that disaster is close available. Zeffirellis utilization of close up on Gertrudes trouble as the King looks intentionally on is horrendous. A slip-up of drinking the toxin isn't lost on Gertrude and we are given the look that says she understands what has occurred and right then and there she understands all that Hamlet has said about Claudius is valid. Gertrude has been mentally and ethically harmed just as truly harmed. Zeffirelli features the sadness of this second more by permitting the duel to proceed thus Hamlets misfortune assembles pace while he remains unaware of it. Ophelia then again, is aloof nearly to the point of non-presence as a free awareness and is somewhat, love outrageous variant of Gertrude. The main time she addresses the King and Queen is the point at which she is distraught. This makes it hard for Zeffrelli to infuse any proposal of incongruity or disobedience into the couple of words Ophelia trades with her Laertes, Polonius or Hamlet. Be that as it may, Helena Bonham-Carter abuses this lack of involvement to incite reactions from different characters and the crowd. Ophelias excellence is depicted without any ornaments or extravagant accessories. She is dressed obviously in a straightforward virginal white pinafore. Her absence of gems and lavish trappings show a reality and genuineness. She seems a vulnerable, practically virtuous, pawn for her intense dad; she is the casualty of her absurd dad. She is viewed as a belonging by her dad, I have a little girl have while she is mine-who in her obligation and compliance, Zeffrelli mark and is treated as basically that. She is pushed and pulled about by Polonius and Laertes, it is her acquiescence to the men throughout her life that is her deadly defect. Ophelia is utilized as bate by Gertrude, Claudius and above all her dad. She is utilized to trap Hamlet and consequently is taunted and compelled to imagine she has no voice. Zeffrellis essential aim for Ophelia is to endure and bite the dust. The scene as the play inside the plays starting features the physical contrasts among Ophelia and Gertrude. The green is sumptuously brightened while Ophelia, with Hamlets head in her lap, looks as plain, yet holds her basic magnificence. Zeffrelli has picked well in giving Helena Bonham Carter a role as Ophelia as her huge earthy colored eyes tell all the more then she says. After the Kings play when Hamlet wishes her to a religious shelter, Get thee to an abbey, her anxious eyes recount her stun and disarray. Ophelia is attempting to understand everything, except thinks that its troublesome in light of the fact that Hamlet is acting towards his mom too; Ophelia can't stay aware of the considerable number of changes. Ophelia is utilized once more; she is provoked and derided as occurred so regularly. Zeffrelli depicts her as on the edge, regular womanhood. After her dads demise, Ophelia appears to slide into frenzy. Her dress and appearance are rumpled and unkempt yet lamentably she is as yet excellent. We feel frustrated about Ophelia and her forlornness, partitioned from herself and her reasonable judgment. Ophelias pain is irresistible and with Zeffrellis utilization of morose music her disposition is shared by us the watcher. Her loss of mental stability causes her to appear to be a vulnerable youngster and we dread her looming self destruction before we are aware of it. During the time before her demise Ophelia uncovers figured, which would have been undoubtedly contemplative, in the event that she were not going frantic. When she is frantic she turns out to be free and uncovers what she truly thinks and feels. She acts in a strongly sexual manner towards the guard uncovers thought and emotions that would have be smothered by her dad and sibling. Ophelia accomplishes extreme lack of involvement and incomprehensibly another sort of intensity, first in her interruption, at that point in the stream lastly in her final resting place. Her insufficiency which has been a topic adjusts into franticness introduced as mournful melodies and entirely babble. This, along with Gertrudes stylised introduction of her passing, offers improvement instead of any endeavor at mental elaboration. Her franticness is less genuine than Hamlets befuddled perspectives since it is so clean, unproblematic and pleasant. Zeffrelli does well not to harp on the demonstration of her self destruction as a film creation would yet leaves the miserable catastrophe of it to our creative mind, which just increases our feeling of misfortune for Ophelia. Ophelia is introduced by Zeffrelli as somebody with no point of view I don't have the foggiest idea about my ruler what I should think, there isn't so much as a motion of battle. Zeffrelli decides not to build up her character to any extraordinary degree and permits the crowd to build up their own comprehension. To close, our last picture of the two ladies is the point at which they are lying dead. We are caused to feel extraordinary distress and pity for them both. Zeffirelli has Ophelia laying with nobility at her graveside in white material and blossoms on a cloudy, blustery day while Gertrude is left inclined and spread on the virus solid strides inside the palace. His depiction of the two characters leaves us feeling extraordinary misery for them in equivalent measure while not even once feeling any malignance towards them.

Autobiography of a Face, by Lucy Grealy Essay -- The Search for Unatta

In her journal, Autobiography of a Face, Lucy Grealy recounts to the narrative of how the distortions brought about by her disease constrained her into an existence of separation, merciless abuse, and despondency. Grealy plainly exhibits how a general public that unreasonably underscores female magnificence can contrarily influence a little youngster, particularly one with a deformation. Most decipher this story as a path for Grealy to communicate the torment that she suffered in light of the fact that she didn't match society’s meaning of female magnificence, a standard that powers young ladies into undesirable propensities, plastic medical procedure, and genuine misery. In the afterword of the journal, Grealy’s companion, Ann Patchett, attempts to change this understanding by saying that Grealy never implied for it to be an account of the hardships she looked as a little youngster with a distortion; she just wanted it to be seen â€Å"as a bit of literature.† ( 232). In any case, this short section detracts from the significant message that Grealy communicates in her journal: that the out of reach gauges of female excellence in the public arena can demolish the delight and employment of little youngsters. Grealy naturally denied this as her explanation behind composing in light of the fact that, to her, conceding that an amazing tale was commanded by her deformation would resemble conceding that she had never lived. She every now and again clarifies in her journal that she ached for physical magnificence so she could at last live without confinement and despondency. To name her journal an account of forlornness and distress would concede that she never arrived at this feeling of excellence she so emphatically wanted. Regardless of Ann Patchett’s translation of the diary, it should at present be viewed as a story exhibiting how society’s inaccessible guidelines of excellence can expostulate the lives of little youngsters, as . .. ...t of genders turns out to be progressively equivalent, youngsters may start to build up the propensities for young ladies who make a decent attempt to satisfy an ideal standard of excellence. This issue ought not and can't be overlooked, and right affirmation of stories like Grealy’s will fix open doors for young ladies to protect and value what truly makes them delightful. Works Cited A Conversation With Lucy Grealy. Charlie Rose. Web. 5 Mar 2010. Graydon, Shari. How the Media Keeps Us Hung Up on Body Image. Herizons 22.1 (2008): n. pag. Web. 5 Mar 2010. Grealy, Lucy. Personal history of a Face. New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1994. Print. Kruger, Paula. 1 of every 5 Girls Display Eating Disorder Behavior. ABC News . 20 Jul 2007. ABC, Web. 5 Mar 2010. Sweeney, Camille. Looking for Self-Esteem Through Surgery. New York Times 14 Jan 2009: n. pag. Web. 5 Mar 2010.

February Horoscopes and Book Recommendations

February Horoscopes and Book Recommendations February 2018 is a great month for new books. Wondering which one is the right fit for you? Let the stars be your guide with our February horoscopes and book recommendations! Find your astrological sign below for your February horoscope, perfectly paired with a newly released book. Aries (March 21â€"April 19) February will be a month for you to keep your eye on the world, Aries. You’ll find yourself in a philosophical mood, making it a good time to think about your goals for the future as well as the needs of others. Spiritual studies or foreign travel may also play a role in your musings this month. Check out Feel Free (February 6, Penguin Press), an essay collection from acclaimed novelist Zadie Smith. It explores pop culture, modern politics, art, and more, allowing you to expand your horizons. Taurus (April 20â€"May 20) This month may present some seemingly insurmountable challenges, Taurus, but it’s nothing you’re not capable of handling. You’re responsible, practical, and grounded, all things that will help you not only survive this month, but thrive. If you face February’s challenges head on, it will pay off. Read An American Marriage (February 6, Algonquin Books) by Tayari Jones, where a young power couple in Atlanta are torn apart when one is sentenced to prison for a crime he didn’t commit. Under these terrible circumstances, they must find a way to move forward. Gemini (May 21â€"June 20) In February, clear communication and balance will be key to your success. As a Gemini, it’s easy for you to understand that there are two sides to every situation and to move back and forth between them. Use that to your advantage in your relationships this month. Think critically about the world around you and discuss it with others. I recommend This Will Be My Undoing: Living at the Intersection of Black, Female, and Feminist in (White) America (Harper Perennial, January 30), an essay collection by Morgan Jerkins. Her sharp and insightful writing will give you a lot to think (and talk) about this month. Cancer (June 21-July 22) Your career and personal success will be intertwined in February; growth in one may lead to growth in the other as well. You often have an inward focus, but be open to new opportunities to learn from and spend time with others. This can be a great month for you, but be cautious financially. Read White Houses (February 13, Random House) by Amy Bloom, a fictionalized account of journalist Lorena Hickok’s intense relationship with Eleanor Roosevelt. It’s a moving tale of how Hickok gained both notoriety as a writer and enduring love with the First Lady. Leo (July 23-August 22) Certain circumstances will be out of your control this month, making February a little challenging for you. Adaptability isn’t your strong suit, but do your best to make the most of what you’re given over the next few weeks. Your strong social capabilities will be your best asset. Check out The Friend (February 6, Riverhead Books) by Sigrid Nunez, where a woman unexpectedly loses her best friend and finds herself the new owner of his Great Dane. It’s a powerful story about loss, grief, friendship, and healing. Virgo (August 23-September 22) This month will be full of dynamic and exciting opportunities for you, Virgo. As an earth sign, you can often be very practical and grounded, but this month is all about getting out of your comfort zone. Try yoga or meditation to get in touch with your spiritual side, allowing you to embrace more creative pursuits. I recommend The House of Impossible Beauties (February 6, Ecco) by Joseph Cassara, which follows a cast of gay and transgender club kids in 1980s Harlem. It’s at turns exciting, tragic, passionate, and tender. Libra (September 23-October 22) February will be an emotional month for you, and it may provide opportunities for you to grow closer to your family and loved ones. Relationships are especially important to you, Libra, and spending extra time and energy with those closest to you may bring you great joy and happiness this month. Try The Great Alone (February 6, St. Martin’s Press) by bestselling author Kristin Hannah, where a family’s strength is tested by moving to the wilderness of Alaska. It is a testament to the endurance of familial love and human survival. Scorpio (October 23-November 21) Venus, Neptune, and Uranus are working together to create a sexy month for you, Scorpio! February will be a great time to spice things up in your love life. The last half of the month will be especially full of fun and exciting opportunities, so don’t be afraid to try something new. Read The Wedding Date (January 30, Berkley) by Jasmine Guillory, where two strangers meet on an elevator and one agrees to attend a wedding as the other’s fake girlfriend. It’s a charming story that shows how taking a chance can lead to an exciting new relationship. Sagittarius (November 22-December 21) I’m sorry to say that February may not be an easy month for you, Sagittarius. The planets show a month with considerable stress and exhaustion, especially when it comes to family relationships. When possible, be sure to focus on self-care and rest. Check out Heart Berries (February 6, Counterpoint Press), a memoir by Terese Marie Mailhot. Her powerful and poetic story shows how she found healing from a traumatic childhood through writing. Capricorn (December 22-January 19) February is all about getting to know yourself and the world around you, Capricorn. You’re naturally curious, and this month you’ll have plenty of opportunities to further your education and expand your horizons. It’s a great time to read a lot of new books, but I recommend you start with Song of a Captive Bird (February 13, Ballantine Books) by Jasmin Darznik. It’s a novel based on the true story of Iranian poet Forugh Farrokhzad, who defied her family to find independence and become a writer. Aquarius (January 20-February 18) This month will be all about independence and ambition, Aquarius. You’ve got everything you need to achieve career and social goals this month. Personal pleasures and superficial desires may trip you up in February though, so proceed with caution. Try out the first book in a new fantasy series, The Belles (February 6, Disney-Hyperion) by Dhonielle Clayton. It’s set in the luxurious and over-the-top world of Orleans, where a few young women have control of beauty, a highly coveted commodity. Pisces (February 19-March 20) The stars show a successful month for your career, with the skills and confidence to achieve your goals. However, this may leave your family and loved ones feeling neglected. To avoid stress at home, be sure to communicate clearly about your professional obligations and practice empathy. Check out Sadness is a White Bird (February 13, Atria Books) by Moriel Rothman-Zecher, where a young recruit to the Israeli army must reconcile his loyalty to his country with his close friendship with two Palestinian siblings. Check out past horoscopes and book recommendations from Book Riot: January 2018 December 2017 November 2017

The Effects Of Pregnancy On The Birth Of A Child And The...

From prenatal development to the birth, a child and the mother endure many learning curves and emotions. First time mothers may feel many different emotions caused their environment and support systems. My mother, Suzanne, is a 48-year-old female and married to my father, Charlie King. Suzanne has given birth to six children; however, two of those children were stillborn. Although there are many pregnancy experiences, she chose to speak about my older sister, Audrey’s birth, which occurred 20 years ago. I interviewed Suzanne King to relate pregnancy to the theories I learned about in the textbook, Children by John Santrock. Suzanne’s experience is comparable to several topics discussed in the textbook. Suzanne was worried about hazards†¦show more content†¦97). Examples of teratogens include caffeine, alcohol, prescription drugs, and many other parental factors (Santrock, 2013, p. 98-106). Addressing teratogens, I asked if she had any routines or items she sta yed away from once she realized she was pregnant? Suzanne replied stating she tried to stay away from coffee. She also avoided excessive exercising and participated in low impact Jazzercise classes. It is scientifically proven safe to exercise while pregnant, but not to the point of exhaustion (Santrock, 2013, p. 93). I questioned how she knew to stay away from those risk factors. She reported, â€Å"I honestly don’t know where I heard that I shouldn’t, I probably read it in a book somewhere. It seems like common sense to me.† After gaining an understanding of Suzanne’s experiences and precautions before Audrey was born, I initiated questions of labor and delivery. Per my request, Suzanne began explaining the day Audrey was born. â€Å"It was a Saturday morning and I began having contractions so I went to the hospital. The nurse made me start doing breathing techniques, she said it would have been easier if I took Lamaze classes.† Suzanne explained that if she had to do anything over again she would have taken a Lamaze class to help prepare her better. The Lamaze method encompasses â€Å". . . a special breathing technique to control pushing in the final stages of labor. . .† (Santrock, 2013, p. 116). Suzanne explained, â€Å"I continued breathingShow MoreRelatedHow Physical Activity Affects The Mother During Pregnancy Essay1607 Words   |  7 Pagesa smooth pregnancy and an easy, natural childbirth. Despite this, undesirable weight gain in mothers (Kowal, Kuk, Tamim, 2012) and the instances of caesarean birth (Domenjoz, Kayser, Boulvain, 2014) have been very prevalent in recent years. However, there are many lifestyle choices which women can make during pregnancy that can decrease risk of complications, as well as other lifestyle choices which can increase risk of complications during pregnancy. I am interested in the effects that a physicallyRead MoreHow Physical Activity Affects The Mother During Pregnancy Essay1710 Words   |  7 Pagessmooth pregnancy and an easy, natural childbirth. Despite this, undesirable weight gain in mothers (Kowal, Kuk, Tamim, 2012) and the instances of caesarean birth (Domenjoz, Kayser, Boulvain, 2014) have been very prevalent in recent years. However, there are many lifestyle choices which women can make during pregnancy that can decrease the risk of complications, as well as other lifestyle choices which can increase the risk of complications during pregnancy. I am interested in the effects that aRead MoreAdverse Health Effects of Adolescent Pregnancy Essays1451 Words   |  6 PagesAdolescent pregnancy is a very important health issue worldwide. When adolescents who, are often physically and mentally unprepared to bear a child are become mothers it has astoundingly negative outcomes for the mother. 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More treatmentRead MoreSmoking and Pregnancy Essay726 Words   |  3 PagesEffects of Smoking and Pregnancy William Franklin Stewart Marshall University January 19, 2010 Thesis Statement Smoking during pregnancy is associated with many adverse outcomes for children as well as negative consequences for child health and development. Maternal smoking late in pregnancy reduces birth weight and size. Babies that are born to habitual smokers weigh, on average, about 9 oz. less, and are shorter both at birth and in the years to come (Berger 115). Nicotine is the addictive

The Impact Of Technology On Nonverbal Communication

Communicating through social media and technology can sometimes be challenging, what are these challenges and how does this affect the nonverbal communication; and do you think this form of communication causes inabilities to interact positively and work effectively with others. While communicating through new technologies and social media can be challenging at times for some, one must also remember that â€Å"nonverbal behaviors can be important in establishing trust in working relationships, but modern technologies may challenge our ability to maintain that trust† (Nelson Quick, 2017, pg. 131). This is because too much of a good thing can cause harmful reactions when trying to communication with another through that of modern†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Written reports on the other hand give executives, managers, and supervisor’s detailed information as to their overall progress on projected tasks within different departments; and overall company goals† (Nelson Quick, 2017, pg. 131). In addition, however, there is other types of written communications, such as memo’s and letter’s which give more adequate information when communicating officially, these being larger in span and theme compared to memo’s. â€Å"Thus, making the shortest kind of written communication to be that of form, which may be used to collect information inside or outside the organization† (Nelson Quick, 2017, pg. 131). While non-verbal behaviors can affect many different communication styles, communicating while using technology devices affect one’s behavior more often than others; especially when communication is not being done face-to-face and computer-generated technology is being used instead. Although, this is common ground today, and computers and telecommunication are the newest trend to hit the market; sometimes the communication style chosen makes communicating impossible to fully understand the message being delivered by the sender. Thus, is because the communication being sent has not been interpreted correctly; due to unwanted communication barriers standing in the way. One of those barriers is that of â€Å"computer-mediated communication that influences virtually all behavior in the work environment; such as whenShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Modern Mass Culture On Modern Society1304 Words   |  6 PagesAdvertising is one of the most common types of social communication and an integral element of modern mass culture. It was the product of the development of market-oriented economic culture production methods, gradually, as the development of information technology in the process of historical evolution, becoming one of the most important social institutions of modern society. The study of nonverbal communication was engaged by scholars such as A. Pease, E. Hall, R. Berdvistell, G. Wilson, M. L.Read MoreThe Origin Of Nonverbal Communication947 Words   |  4 Pagesprofessor Albert Mehrabian and Susan R. 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Nonverbal communication makes up for where verbal communicatio n lacks, using gestures, body language or facial expressions toRead MoreNon-Verbal Communication and Inter-Cultural Communication Essay1249 Words   |  5 Pages Nonverbal communication is defined as the approach of conveying information and data by using speech, visuals, signs , behavior etc. Approximately 65% of the communication takes place through nonverbal attributes. Generally communication takes place with three steps. FIRST Is the thought or idea that comes in the mind of the sender. SECOND is the encoding which means sending message to the receiver in a particular gesture or sign or via a particular medium. THIRD is decoding of message which means

Why Is Agriculture Important in the World of Today Free Essays

Since the dawn of history, agriculture has been one of the important means of producing food for human consumption. Today more and more lands are being developed for the production of a large variety crops. In Asia, vast areas of land are being used to produce rice, wheat, rubber and a variety of other crops. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Is Agriculture Important in the World of Today or any similar topic only for you Order Now In Asia, vast areas of land are being used to produce rice, wheat, rubber and a variety of other crops. More than half of the lands occupied and developed by human beings in the world are devoted to agriculture. That agriculture is one of the most essential means of producing food is realized easily when we think of the types of things that we eat. The rice or wheat that we eat comes from the land. Even potatoes and other roots or vegetables and even leaves such as tea, as well as the fruits that men eat are the products of the soil that covers the earth. In fact, everything that we eat except meat, fish and other kinds of flesh comes from the land and what grows on the land is part of agriculture. Even the sugar, oil, coffee and other beverages that we use are products of plants that grow on the land. In the same way, many of the medicines that we use are made of plants that grow in various parts of the world. The tobacco that we use for relaxation also comes from a plant. Thus, it can be easily observed that without agriculture we would be almost without food. It is true, however, that in the remote past men did live mainly on flesh that he obtained by hunting. But such a kind of life was unhappy and inconvenient, for animals were not found everywhere easily. Therefore, men turned to agriculture for his livelihood. Today, agriculture continues to provide almost all the foods that men require to survive on the earth. How to cite Why Is Agriculture Important in the World of Today, Essay examples

Urban Industrial Workers Essays - Labour Relations,

Urban Industrial Workers As urban industrial workers expanded in the 19th century, industry and the industrial work force boomed as well. Workers , however, were met with difficult situations that ultimately led to violent outbursts. Low wages could not buy food and clothes at the same time and conditions in the work place brought about countless deaths and injuries. Growing number of immigrants caused the reduction of wages and insecurity of the workers caused unemployment. There were hostilities between workers, employers, and organizations and complaints of no social safety nets. Due to these chaotic dilemmas, union members decided to emerge as one, in order to overcome the corporations. Methods of scientific management were incorporated and the two ideological groups (radicals and conservatives) were firmly rooted in the belief of mutualism. However, conflicts between anarchists and capitalists ignited strikes, generating the Haymarket Square Riot along with the Homestead and Pullman strikes. It was then clear that they could not eliminate corporate control. Even with unity, the workers resulted in a fruitless effort. Urban industrial workers were bombarded with many problems, a major one being long working hours. They not only had to endure endless hours of labor and turmoil, but received scarcely any pay at all. To make things worse, they were struggling to exist in the late 19th century where industrialization was flustering and depressions were part of the norm. An average American worker earned a measly $500 per year and a woman only half as much as the men. People were not making enough money to purchase the necessities of life and thus, lived a hard, struggling life. A woman stated she didnt live , but merely existed.. she didnt live that you could call living. However, even at low wages, an incredible number of hours were being worked. Skilled workers worked an average of 50.4 hours a week and the unskilled at 53.7 hours a week. Where machines replaced workers, the cost of the equipment had to be covered by intensive labor. Steelworkers, for example, worked on average 63.1 hours per week; some laborers were even required to work 12 hours a day, 7 days a week, with even a 24 hour shift and only one day off every two weeks. Long laborious efforts began to produce in the US one of the most highest industrial accident rates in the Western industrial world. Between 1880 and 1900, 35,000 workers were killed annually and another 536,000 were injured. There were more deaths in the working field of railroads and coal mines. There were at least 2000 fatal injuries and one of every 399 railroad men were killed. In addition, unsafe working conditions played a major role in the suffering of the industrial workers. Conditions in the factories were very poor. In California, 2,000 men, women, and children would share 8 untended outdoor toilets, eat and sleep among insects, and labored temperatures over 100 degrees, often without water available. To top it off, there was a swarm of immigrants that caused factories to be overcrowded. As immigrants increased, working force increased, leaving employers to control the wages. If it wasnt low wages or long hours, it was job insecurities. Only a few workers could count on full-time employment. Depressions and recessions led to cyclical employment, style and weather caused seasonal employment, and machines replacing humans brought structural employment. There were no social welfare programs or a social safety net to turn to. A social safety net was a social welfare program funded by the government that compensated for the injuries, illnesses, and welfares for workers and single mothers. No safety net meant bad news to the unemployed workers. There were 3 level of workers: unskilled workers (who were laborers), machine workers (who were operatives), and skilled workers ( who were craftsmen). The corporations ideal workers were ones who used their hands and not their brains. Wanting to control the output, they tried to get rid of the worker autonomy and the brains and replace them with operatives. This looked as a threat to the workers who knew what would result of unlimited output: irregular employment and price cuts. A plan known as scientific management was devised by a man named Frederick Winston Taylor.

Tartuffe essays

Tartuffe essays Much like the great comedies of our time, Tartuffe is founded on serious issues. The 17th-century comedy, written by Moliere, achieves a representation of human nature through farce and satire. Moliere had a method of portraying life that could not be matched, not even by the likes of Shakespeare or Sophocles. The show really has a good message, said Josh Wintersteen, a junior theatre major who plays Cleante in the upcoming performance of the play at UW-Green Bay. It brings up questions about truth, society and religion that everyone has thought about before. The purpose of the playwright is to expose hypocrisy and the gullibility that makes it possible, by casting it in a comic light, said John Mariano, director of the play. As Moliere said himself, To expose vices to everyones laughter is to deal them a mighty blow. Tartuffe has been recognized as Molieres greatest and most representative play, but it has also met great hostility and opposition. First performed as a private production for King Louis XIV in 1664, the play was then banned from public performance because of strong objections by officials of the Catholic Church. Moliere protested, revised the play and produced it twice more before the ban was lifted in 1669, when it was performed for the public. The satire was so effective that the word Tartuffe has become part of the English language. However, it also made Moliere many enemies. He was attacked and slandered for his criticisms of human nature. In preparing for the production, the actors and production staff have been presented with many challenges. The biggest challenge is probably the language, Mariano said. Many of the actors are working on their first classical play. The language is rich and written entirely in rhymed couplets. The role requires more physical hu...

Gravitas

Gravitas Gravitas Gravitas By Maeve Maddox The Latin word gravitas to mean â€Å"the dignity of leadership† came into use as an English word in 1924; since the mid-1980s it has soared in popularity. The literal meaning of the Latin word gravitas is â€Å"weight, heaviness.† Our word gravity derives from that sense. The OnlineEtymologyDictionary observes that gravitas became useful to describe human seriousness when the word gravity acquired a mainly scientific meaning. For the ancient Romans gravitas was the highest of the fourteen virtues. A man who possessed gravitas recognized the importance of the matter at hand. He had a strong sense of responsibility and was not given to frivolous behavior or excessive levity. Even after Christian theology replaced pagan practice, gravitas was still cherished in leaders. Ambrose (c.339-397), a fourth century bishop of Milan, saw gravitas as a quality of mind, but felt that â€Å"the set of a man’s mind can be read in how he carries his body.† He refused to accept priests if he disliked the way they walked: â€Å"their mincing walk revealed their flighty character.† Traditionally, gravitas is a masculine virtue, so it’s not surprising that it is often mentioned as a quality lacking in women seeking high office or other leadership status: Miers Lacks the Necessary Gravitas [for the Supreme Court] [Katy Couric] was perceived as lacking gravitas. [Hillary] Clintonlacks gravitas and integrity, Yellenlacks the â€Å"gravitas† necessary to carry the economy through another financial mess. Karl Rove said that Sarah Palin lacks gravitas. Male politicians have also been criticized for lacking gravitas: Rubio lacks gravitas and seriousness. [Bill] Clinton lacks oriental self-control and maturity, the gravitas and substance one expects in the defining figures of history. Bushsuffers from lack of gravitas hes a likable fellow, casual and friendly, but not the most serious player on the national scene. Pipes says Christie lacks the gravitas and integrity to serve as US Vice President. In 1904 a political commentator opined that Teddy Roosevelt lacked gravitas and provided a list of what gravitas should include: â€Å"honesty, intelligence, energy, willingness to discard untenable views, wisdom, breadth of vision, depth of insight, and that nameless something that enables a man to keep all his faculties in thorough control.† Strong words like gravitas that start out with clear definitions tend to suffer a dilution of meaning once they gain media popularity. From being an expressive term for dignity and strength of character, gravitas is on its way to becoming a throwaway word with any number of vague meanings: Despite an engaging, nuanced performance from Robert De Niro as Frank GoodeEverybody’s Fine inevitably suffers from a lack of real emotional gravitas.   Before the Fall [a play] lacks the gravitas that the subject deserves. As the Academy voters see it, Gravity [a movie] lacks gravitas. While the story [Walking with Dinosaurs] is educational, and obviously geared for children, it lacks any gravitas StarTrek actress lends her gravitas to film promoting ideas that sun revolves around Earth. Gravitas is now so overused that it has become a target for humorists: Suddenly gravitas is what is needed, gravitas is what makes a country strongOh if only we could bottle it, think of the killing we could make! Australian blogger Greg Jericho In the world of popular entertainment–and that includes political commentary–the notion of gravitas has become something of a laughing stock. In another context–the world of corporate advancement–gravitas is taken very seriously. I’ll discuss the business world definition of gravitas in another article. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Vocabulary category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:"Because Of" and "Due To" 40 Synonyms for â€Å"Lie†5 Erroneously Constructed â€Å"Not Only . . . But Also† Sentences

Introduction to Business Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Introduction to Business Law - Essay Example On the death of a sole trader the business ceases. Thus if the sole trading option is taken then the investment of 20,000 can be apportioned in accordance with his own judgment and due to his achievement as a good student he can manage the business according to his own ways. The assets would also be owned by him; however, the responsibility of debts and obligations would be without any limit. (Taylor 2009). As far as a partnership is concerned, it is where individuals are in a business and share the assets and liabilities of the partnership, this can be done orally as well. The legislation that governs a partnership is that of Partnership Act 1890. One of the main disadvantage of partnership is that there is unlimited liability of the debts of partnership jointly and severally which could lead to bankruptcy of partners if there is inability of payment of debts. Furthermore there can be failure to issue debentures or floating charges. Contribution to capital would therefore be from partners. The procedure is that when a partner leaves, the remaining partners would buyout his share. When compared with a company there would be lesser formality (memorandum and articles; written agreement; roles of director), expense (registration) and publicity (publicly available accounts). Thus if partnership is used opinions on decision making can be obtained from other partners (there can be sleeping p artners as well); assets ownership can be shared or individually owned; net profits can be shared; debts and obligations can be shared, however failure may result in him being personally accountable to the other partner’s share. As far as a limited company is concerned the main advantage is that the liability is limited to the extent of the unpaid amount of the shares of each shareholder. Thus the shareholders and directors are protected to the extent that they were acting honestly. Furthermore, a company has

LISTENING ASSIGNMENT FORMAT FOR ASSIGNMENT 3 VIDEO REPORT

LISTENING FORMAT FOR 3 VIDEO REPORT - Assignment Example He does comping, which is the act of play chords in a lovely fashion that creates rhythms. The music that he plays accompanies the melodies that leave everyone satisfied. The bass players move back and forth especially when the soloist takes a break. Their main job in this piece of jazz song is to play the roots of the chords. They also lay down a great groove. In this song, they act as a stem when compared to a tree as they keep everything coordinated and together. They are the foundation, the pulse and the glue of the song. The drum players in this song act as exciters especially when approaching the climax of the song. As the soloist starts off, they introduce the rhythm accents together with other instrumentalists. In the song â€Å"just by myself† their importance is greatly seen. The horn players create a jazz atmosphere and rhythm. The sequence of the event in the song started off with the piano first played before the other instruments for the introduction of the song then the vocalist sang. The vocalist sang the song with all instruments played together at once. After the vocalist, the instruments had a solo with the vocalist taking a break. After the singer was done, the pianist was first focused followed by the guitarist, bass player, drummer, and trumpeter. First solo is guitar and piano played together with other instrument accompanying it. The guitarist used the rhythm guitar. After guitar and piano solo, the trumpet was muted giving emphasis on the other instruments. The technique d one in the performance wherein the trumpet plays quietly as the singer sings is known obbligato. At last, the singer stared singing, the trumpet was played as well, and it can be observed that both play independently. The solo was pretty successful as everything was kept synchronized and in a perfect flow. This was interesting to listen to. Moaning is an Arthur Blakely and Jazz Messengers jazz album recorded in 1958 in

Impact of Work Related Stress in Nurses

Impact of Work Related Stress in Nurses WORK RELATED STRESS AMONG NURSES AND ITS EFFECTS ON QUALITY CARE DELIVERY IN TAMALE TEACHING HOSPITAL BACKGROUND Stress is a concept describing the interrelationship between a person and the environment. It is the response by a person to stressors in the environment. Selyes General Adaptation Theory (Selye, 1976) described stress response as biophysiologic in nature. When the person is subjected to a stressor, a characteristic syndrome of physical reactions will occur. The stress concept can also be seen as active in a holistic view of the person. The stress response can be physical, psychological, emotional or spiritual in nature and is usually a combination of these dimensions. Stress, similarly, can arise from one or more dimensions and can be either internal or external. Stress and the negative outcomes of stress have been recognized as financially costly to any health care organization. Negative outcomes of job stress among nurses include illness, decline in overall quality of care, job dissatisfaction, absenteeism, and staff turnover (Schwab, 1996). Job stress describes the stress associated with the professional or work environment. Tension is created when the demands of the job or the job environment exceed the capacity of the person to respond effectively. Job stress varies with each work environment. Job satisfaction has been shown to be closely affected by job stress. In a metaanalysis of variables related to nurses job satisfaction, Blegen (1993) identified the variables of age, autonomy, commitment, communication with peers and supervisors, education, fairness, locus of control, professionalism, recognition, stress and years of experience. Blegens analysis found stress and commitment to have the strongest relationship with job satisfaction. Irvine and Evans (1995) also found a strong negative correlation between stress and job satisfaction although not as strong as that found by Blegen. Job satisfaction has also been negatively linked to intention to leave and actual turnover (Hinshaw Atwood, 1983; Irvine Evans, 1995; Price Mueller, 1981). Although job satisfaction is a complex construct, the strong negative correlation to stress and behavioral intent to leave employment warrants the attention of nursing administrators. Attention to job satisfiers may not be sufficient to o ffset the job stress experienced by nurses thus leading to thoughts of leaving employment. ÂÂ  Freudenberger coined the term burnout in 1974 to describe workers reactions to the chronic stress common in occupations involving numerous direct interactions with people. Burnout is typically conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. PROBLEM STATEMENT Nurses occupy a particularly interesting position in the provision of health care. Often they are the sole intermediary between the doctor and the patient and in the front line of health services. Nursing requires a great deal of collaboration with other clinical professionals with different cultures, social backgrounds, as well as the ability to take on various roles during a single workday. These might include participation in teams, attendance during rounds and meetings, field trips, palliative work, providing counseling to patients and their families, and social services. These stressful situations obviously caused problems for nurses in their daily work. Job stress among healthcare staff is becoming a common occurrence in most public health services (Winstanley and Whittington, 2002:303). In the high demand for effectiveness and efficiency of public health service delivery, nursing staff is placed on a high responsibility to ensure the demand of public citizen is satisfied (Ritter et al., 1995:164). Nursing focuses on activities that relate to diagnosis and treatment of human responses to health and illness phenomena. However, inherent in this caring occupations are numerous sources of built-in stress that become occupational hazards for nurses (Huber, 1996:560). There are many components to this experience of stress such as staff shortages, high level of responsibility, dealing with the death and the dying, dealing with patients relatives, coping with the unpredictable, making critical judgment about interventions and treatment, and balancing between work and family commitments. These are forces that realistically generate stress am ong nurses (Gordon, 1999:285; Aurelio, 1993:1-10). The issue of insufficient nursing staff and its effects has caused many nurses experiencing job stress in carrying out their responsibility and maintaining the standards of patient care in public health services (Mackay, 1989:60-61). Furthermore, staff shortages with increasing workload raise concerns to the nurses ability to cope and deliver adequate service to the client, which in turn create a stressful environment within nursing profession (Mackay,1989:60; Huber, 1996:561). PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this study is to determine the level of work related stress among nurses of tamale teaching hospital, its effects on their health and effects of the stress in their delivery of quality care to the patients. OBJECTIVES To determine the level of work related stress among nurses and its effect on quality care delivery in Tamale Teaching Hospital. SPECIFIC OBJECTIVES To investigate the most prominent sources of job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital To investigate the most prominent effects of job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital To explore the most preferred coping mechanism to reduce job stress among nurses in Tamale Teaching hospital RESEARCH QUESTIONS What are the most prominent sources of job stress among nurses in the hospital What are the most prominent effects of job stress among nurses in the hospital What is the most preferred coping mechanism to reduce job stress among nurses in hospital SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY This research is to identify the sources of job stress, effects of job stress on the nurse and coping mechanism adopted among nurses. It is hoped that the findings will provide great understanding of the major causes of job stress and its effects towards nurses in Tamale Teaching Hospital. The findings will also address some implication concerning the coping mechanism adopted by nurses in Tamale Teaching Hospital when dealing with job related stress. OPERATIONAL DEFINITION OF TERMS Stress is a concept describing the interrelationship between a person and the environment. Burnout is typically conceptualized as a syndrome characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced personal accomplishment. LITERATURE REVIEW Stress has been used to describe the bodys mobilization on dealing with a challenge or threat (Griffin, 1990). Drafke and Kossen, (2002) defined stress as the bodys non-specific response to any demand. Selye classified stress into two categories, each with two variations: distress (harmful or disease-producing stress) and eustress (beneficial stress) (Drafke and Kossen, 2002). Selye introduced General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) model in his study of stress, which consisted of 3 stages; alarm, resistance and exhaustion. The distinction between short and long term effects of stress on the body is brought out by this model (Marshall and Cooper, 1979). Besides the physiologically oriented approach to stress represented by the classic GAS model, attention is also being given to the psychological and the behavioral dimension of stress (Luthans, 1998). All three dimensions are important to the understanding of job stress and coping mechanism in modern organizations. Stress is an unavoidable feature of modern living.ÂÂ   The impact of dynamic and uncertain environment characterized by restructuring, reengineering, layoff and downsizing threatenes ones personal security of employment (Huber, 1996). Generally, stress is always thought of in negative terms. That is, stress is perceived as something bad, annoying, threatening and not wanted (Mckenna, 1994). For example, words or phrases such as depression, feeling out of control, overworked, migraine or headache, time pressure, anxiety, cannot sleep, are commonly used to express what stress means to us personally (Sutherland and Cooper, 2000). Stress is one of those words that everybody knows the meaning of but none can define it (Woodham, 1995). As a result, it is vital to give attention to what stress is not about in todays organization. As pointed out by Luthans (1998) three major misconceptions about stress are as follows: Stress is not simply anxiety. Anxiety operates solely in the emotional and psychological sphere, whereas stress operates both and also in the physiological sphere. Thus, stress may be accompanied by anxiety, but the two should not be equated. Stress is not simply nervous tension. Like anxiety, nervous tension may result from stress, but the two are not the same. Unconscious people have exhibited stress and some people may keep it bottle up and not reveal it through nervous tension. Stress is not necessarily something damaging, bad or to be avoided. Stress is inevitable. Stress is not damaging or bad and is something people should seek out rather than avoid. The key is how the person handles stress. A certain amount of stress is essential to sustain life and moderate amounts serve as stimuli to perform but overpowering stress can cause a person to respond in a maladaptive physiological or psychological manner (Sullivan and Decker, 2001). From the organizations viewpoint, stress in the workplace usually is perceived as something undesirable and is a normal pressure most people experienced at work (Krumm, 2001). Stress is generally viewed in terms of the fit between peoples needs, abilities, and expectations with environmental demands, changes, and opportunities (Cummings and Worley, 1997). The General Adaptation Syndrome or GAS is an early model of stress which viewed stress response as a natural human adaptation to a stressor (to change or leave the stressors) in the individuals physical or psychological environment (Champoux, 2003). Selye described the process of GAS into three stages (Cooper and Marshall, 1978): Alarm reaction in which an initial shock phase of lowered resistance is followed by countershock during which the individuals defense mechanisms become active. Resistance the stage of maximum adaptation and hopefully successful return to equilibrium for the individual. If, however, the stressor continues or defense does not work, the individual will move on to; Collapse or Exhaustion when adaptive mechanisms collapse. Fully understanding stress and its many effects must involve great attention to the three related stages (Selye, 1956). Arousal rises quickly to high levels and many physiological changes that prepare our bodies for strenuous activity (either flight or fight) to take place. The body prepares to fight or adjust to the stressor by increasing respiration, heart rate, muscle tension and blood sugar. The initial reaction is soon replaced by the second stage known as resistance. At this point, if a stressor is too intense the individual may feel restless to cope with it. However, after a short period of alarm the individual will gather all strength and start resisting the negative effects of the stressor. The body tries to return to a normal state by adapting to the stressor. If stress persists, the bodys resources may become depleted and the final stage known as exhaustion occurs. During the exhaustion stage the body begins to wear down from exposure to the stressor. At this point, the ab ility to cope decreases sharply and severe biological damage may result if stress persists. If a person experiences the stressor long enough and does not effectively manage the source of stress then stress-related illnesses can appear. The damaging effects of stress occur in this stage for both the individual and organization (Baron and Greenberg, 1990; Champoux, 2003; Payne and Walker, 1996; Greenberg, 2002; Griffin, 1990). While stress is reflected by the sum of the nonspecific changes which occur in the body at any one time the GAS encompasses all nonspecific changes as they develop throughout time during continued exposure to a stressor (Selye, 1956). The GAS is a useful model for explaining physiological processes which may lead to stress-related illness (Payne and Walker, 1996). The GAS theory says (Selye, 1956; Rice, 2000; Lyon, 2000). All life events cause some stress. Stress is not bad per se, but excessive or unnecessary stress should be avoided whenever possible. The stressor is the stimulus eliciting a need for adaptation; stress is the response. The nonspecific aspects of the bodys reaction to an agent may not be as obvious as the specific effects. Sometimes, only disease or dysfunction will make an individual realize that he or she is under stress. Stress should be monitored. Removal of the stressor eliminates stress. Stress is a natural and essential part of living and growing (Burns, 1992). Moderate levels of stress and stimulation such as challenging but achievable goals can energize and motivate employees. The middle area of the graph shows the stress levels that result in the greatest performance. When a level of arousal exceeds our ability to meet the demand placed upon us we will experience feelings of burnout, exhaustion and ultimately will impair employees performance (Wright and Noe, 1996). Extremely high and extremely low level of stress tends to have negative effects on performance. A certain amount of stress among employees is generally considered to be advantageous for the organization because it tends to increase work performance. However, when an employee experiences too much or too little stress, it is generally disadvantageous for the organization because it tends to decrease work performance (Certo, 2000). In conclusion, stress is an environmental action that places special physical and/or psychological demands that produce an adaptive response that is influenced by individual differences (Kreitner and Kinicki, 2004). SOURCES OF STRESS A variety of studies have shown that quantitative work overloads are potent sources of stress in the workplace in which individuals are asked to do more work than they can complete in a specific period of time (Cassar and Tattersall, 1998; Mullins, 1999; Fox et al., 1993; Ganster and Murphy, 2000). Another major source of job stress is associated with a persons role at work (Marshall and Cooper, 1979). Role ambiguity refers to an employee who is uncertain about how to perform on the job, what is expected in the job and unclear relationship between job performance and expected consequences (Rue and Byars, 1997). Role conflict arises from inconsistent expectations of the organization or from job-related expectations conflicting with a persons other roles (Wright amd Noe, 1996). Cooke and Rousseau (1984), in their study on Michigan teachers to investigate the effects of family roles and work-role expectations on strain. Role theory predicts that multiple roles can lead to stressors (wor k overload and inter-role conflict) and, in turn, to symptoms of strain. The results of this study were generally consistent with the role theorys prediction for work-role expectations that were found to be related to work overload and inter-role conflict and these stressors were found to be related to strain. The finding also indicated that family roles found to be related to strain in three ways: interaction with work-role expectation, those who are married, and those who have children (Cooke and Rousseau, 1984). In addition, there is a consistent relationship between the behavioral characteristics of different jobs and the levels of various stresses experienced by a group of employees. The findings indicated that five of the divisional job dimensions correlate with at least half of the 18 stress variables. Two studies, were conducted on occupational stress and its relation with antecedent variables and job performance among nurses in four hospitals. The finding of the first study indicated that work overload, uncooperative patients, criticism, negligent co-workers, lack of support from supervisors, and difficulties with physician caused stress to hospital nurses. As a result, nurses performed their jobs less effectively. The finding of the second study indicated that there was no significant relationship in years of nursing experience, age, tenure in their nursing unit, tenure in their hospital, or whether they worked full time or part time with job-related stress and job performance among n urses (Motowidlo, 1986). The lack of supportive relationship or poor relationship with peers, colleagues and the superiors are also potential sources of stress, leading to low trust and low interest in problem solving (Khan and Byosiere, 1995; Baron and Greenberg, 1990; Schultz and Schultz, 1994). Relationship at workplace can be classified into relationship with superiors, colleagues, subordinates, those who use your goods/services, those who supply you with goods/services and those whose decisions affect your status and resources (Ward, 1987). It is not possible to obtain a complete stress profile by looking only at sources of stress in the workplace. Thus, it is vital to consider the interfaces that exist between work, home and social life of an individual that contribute to stress. These include marriage, pregnancy, illness, divorce (Baron and Greenberg, 1990), hassles of daily life-household hassles, time pressure hassles, inner concern hassles, environmental hassles, financial responsibilities (Baron and Greenberg, 1990), worries about children, health, misplacing things, worry about crime and rising prices (Schultz and Schultz, 1994). EFFECTS OF STRESS It is vital to know the effects of job stress on physical health, psychological and behavioral on an individual after understanding the nature of stress and major sources of job stress. There is overwhelming evidence to indicate that continuous exposure to stressful situations, or an accumulation of stressors over a period of time, is directly associated with the onset of illness, emotional stress and engaging negative activities (Burns, 1992; Jones, 1988). The fact that stress can make people ill and is implicated in the incidence and development of coronary heart disease, mental illness, certain types of cancer, smoking, dietary problems, excessive alcohol consumption and substance abuse, life dissatisfaction, accident and unsafe behavior at work, migraine, stomach ulcers, hay fever, asthma and skin rashes, marital and family problems (Dalton, 1998; Cooke and Rousseau, 1983). Moreover, it was identified that an individual who has poor problem-solving and coping skills, inability to understand and cope with own emotions, and lack of social and self- assertion skills is more vulnerable to stress and subsequent alcohol and drug misuse (Vetter, 1981). Generally, the effects of work stress occur in three major areas. The effects of stress on physiological include increased of blood pressure, increased of heart rate, sweating, hot and cold spells, breathing difficulty, muscular tension and increased of gastrointestinal disorders. Effects of stress on psychological consist of anger, anxiety, depression, lowered self-esteem, poorer intellectual functioning, inability to concentrate and make decisions, nervousness, irritability, resentment of supervision and job dissatisfaction (Chen and Spector, 1991). Decreased performance, absenteeism, higher accident rates, higher turnover rates, higher alcohol and other drug abuse, impulsive behavior and difficulties in communication are few effects of stress on behavioral (Hellrigel, 1986; Bhagat, 1985). COPING MECHANISMS Based on the above reviews, job stress can be a detrimental to the health and well-being of an individual. Therefore it is important to discuss effectively ways of responding to stress on the individual level. Generally, coping has been focused on internal and external resources for coping with stress which deal with work and general life stresses (Cartwright and Cooper, 1996). Coping can be defined as constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person (Lazarus and Folkman, 1984). Coping is also viewed as a dynamic process and response to situation characterized by uncertainty and important consequences (Latack, 1986). Furthermore, coping is illustrated as a process oriented, non-automated adaptive behavior, effort, and managing life stressors (Backer et al., 2000). With these general definitions, coping can be best illustrated as managing taxing circumstances, expending efforts to solve lifes problems and seeking to master or reduce stress (Burke and Weir, 1980). From the literature, successful coping does not mean eliminating all stress. It is important to understand the nature of stress at workplace and its effect before we can reduce or moderate stress. A healthy person will face stress confidently, deals with it and gets beyond it. It is important for an individual to develop coping mechanisms to reduce job stress and apply these coping mechanisms into use in his/her everyday life (Krohne, 1996). The involvement of workers or workers group of all phases is equally necessary to ensure successful implementation of stress intervention to combat job stress in the workplace (Murphy, 1995). A coping mechanism can be effective if resources are targeted to specific problems and aimed at the elimination of the sources of stress. The success to reduce job stress in the workplace embraces both individual coping mechanism and effective organizational intervention on stress management. METHODOLOGY This chapter describes the study design, the study area, the study population and the sampling procedure as well as the recruitment of respondents and the data collection procedure. The data entry and analysis is also outlined in this chapter. RESEARCH DESIGN This study is a cross-sectional study method designed to determine the level of work related stress among nurses of tamale teaching hospital, its effects on their health and effects of the stress in their delivery of quality care to the patients. RESEARCH SETTING The study will be conducted at the Tamale Teaching Hospital (TTH). It is a primary tertiary referral centre providing patient care to residents of Tamale and neighbouring towns and cities. The hospital has about 30 wards from which the respondents would be solicited. TARGET POPULATION This study will target the registered nursing staff with at least three years experience at the Tamale Teaching Hospital. SAMPLE, SAMPLE SIZE, AND SAMPLING TECHNIQUE The sample size is 240 respondents this was arrived at by the using Cochran formula. Sample Size = [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 / 1 + [z2 * p(1-p)] / e2 * N] N = population size z = z-score e = margin of error p = standard of deviation N= 655 Z= 1.96 (using 95% confidence interval) E=0.05 P= 0.5 Sample size = [(1.96)2*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052 / 1 + [1.962*0.5(1-0.5)]/0.052* 655 Sample size = 384.16/1.6375 Sample size= 235 An extra 5 was added to make it 240 respondents. INCLUSION CRITERIA Respondents must be registered nurses with at least 3 years working experience in the Tamale Teaching Hospital. EXCLUSION CRITERIA Nursing students and nurses who have not worked up to three years will be excluded from the study. DATA COLLECTION TOOL A well-structured questionnaire will be used to collect socio-demographic data, knowledge on work related stress from the respondents. PROCEDURE FOR DATA COLLECTION Probability sampling technique will be used. This will be done to give an equal opportunity to all the targeted population. The data collectionÂÂ   will employ the use of structured questionnaire which respondents willÂÂ   checked and also gave short answers to some questions to solicit data from respondents. All the wards will be successfully visited on a daily basis to get eligible participants for the study. Purposive sampling will be used to select clinicians from the hospital who will be available during the data collection from Tamale Teaching Hospital. The study collected data on the socio-demographic characteristics of respondents, general knowledge about hand washing, assess the differences across age groups, gender and their experiences regarding handwashing through the use of a structured questionnaire administered by the research assistants with minimal clarification from the research assistants. Primary data will be collected and used in the analysis. DATA ANALYSIS The data will be coded into excel and then entered into SPSS V.16 for analysis. Responses were assigned codes in the form of numbers, which made it easy for keying in the responses into a computer format. Univariate analysis was done for socio-demographic characteristics of respondents and also for areas that require only descriptive statistics. Bivariate analysis will be performed to find associations or relationships between socio-demographic characteristics and level of knowledge, attitudes and practices of clinicians on handwashing ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS Approval will be obtained from the Ethics and Research Committee of the hospital. Formal consent will be obtained from the respondents prior to administration of questionnaire. Participants will be informed the study is purely for academic purposes and names will not be needed and assuring them of their privacy. Respondents were also told that they had the right not to participate in the study. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY The main limitations will be resources, time. Also, bias in the sampling procedure could occur. REFERENCES Drafke, M.W. and Kossen, S. (2002). The human side of organizations, 8th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall Dubrin, A.J. (1985). Effective business psychology, 2nd ed. Virginia: Reston Publishing Company. Freudenberger H.J.( 1974) Staff burn-out. J Social Issues;30(1):159-85. Griffin, R.W. (1990). Management, 3rd ed. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company. Haw MA.( 1982) Women, work and stress: A review and agenda for the future. J Health Soc Behav;23: 132-44. Huber, D. (1996). Leadership and nursing care management. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Company. Luthans, F. (1998). Organizational behavior, 8th ed. Boston: Irwin McGraw-Hill Marshall, J. and Cooper, C.L. (1979). Executive under pressure: A psychological study. New York: Praeger. Maslach C, Jackson S. (1982) Burnout in health professions: A social psychological analysis. In: Sanders G, Suls J, eds. Social psychology of health and illness. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum;. p. 79-103. McGrath, J.E. (1976). Stress and behavior in organizations. In Dunnette, M.D. (ed), Handbook of industrial and organizational psychology. Chicago: Rand McNally. Mckenna, E. (1994). Business psychology and organizational behavior: A students handbook. Hove: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Near JP, Rice RW, Hunt RG.( 1980) The relationship between work and nonwork domains: a review of empirical research. Acad Manage Rev;5:415- Pearlin LI. (1983) Role strains and personal stress. In: HB Kaplan, ed. Psychological stress. Trends in theory and research. New York: Academic Press; Rice, V.H. (2000). Theories of stress and relationship to health. In Rice, V.H. (ed), Handbook of stress, coping, and health: Implication for nursing. Research, theory, and practice. London: Sage Publications Rue, L.W. and Byars, L.L. (1997). Management: Skills and application, 8th ed. Chicago: Irwin. Sutherland, V.J. and Cooper, C.L. (2000). Strategic stress management: An organizational approach. London: Macmillan Business.

RFID in Health Care Industry

Radio Frequency Identification is one of the technological advancement that has made its way into almost all the industries. It serves the purpose of identifying and tracking the objects by transferring the data. Health care sector is one of the industries in which RFID is being used to enhance clinical practice, patient care and access the medical records of patients. RFID also helps in improving the operational efficiency and also patient safety. This paper gives a basic overview of the use of RFID in health care industry and the standards associated with it. Radio Frequency Identification is the process of identifying a person or an object or a thing using the RF-transmitted identification code. Over the years, the technology has played a vital role in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of health care systems. Today the health care systems are using a wide range of RFID applications to enhance the overall performance of their industry. A few applications include; RFID tracking system, RFID bracelets, RFID under the skin, RFID for patient management system and RFID for resource management system (Banks, 2007). Hand Hygiene Monitoring in Hospitals According to (Symonds, 2011) â€Å"RFID can also be used to ensure that proper hygiene (and other) procedures are followed† (p. 10). Hand hygiene monitoring is an important step to be taken by healthcare industry. The RFID system can keep a track of the employees washing their hands and also the cycle time of their hand washing process using an RFID card or a bracelet. This system utilizes the simple concept of washing hands and aids in reducing the number of infections passed on by the staff in the hospitals (Symonds, 2011). According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, healthcare associated infections are one of the major causes for the death of hospitalized patients. Humans or the healthcare workers are one of the major means of transmission of viruses and infections. Infections can spread either through direct contact or through the equipment used by these health care workers. Hand hygiene is therefore the fundamental measure in reducing the number of healthcare associated infections. The main aim of RFID systems here is to improve the hand hygiene in hospitals by building an automated monitoring system (Bennett, Jarvis, & Brachman, 2007). The hand hygiene system comprises of the following measures to be taken to prevent the transmission of diseases: * Cleaning hands with soap * Hygienic hand rubs The main objective here is to kill the bacteria that live on the surface of the skin to avoid its transmission to other people when in contact. The hand rubs consist of alcohol that kills micro organisms from nails, hands and forearms. They prevent drying of skin and reduce the rapid re-growth of bacteria (Raftery, 2008). RFID Hand Hygiene Monitoring System The RFID technology uses small â€Å"tags† which emit radio signals. These signals are read by the RFID readers. One of the recent developed RFID enabled system is a IntelligentM’s wrist band system which functions as follows. * The RFID readers are placed on the hand washing and sanitizing stations and the RFID system know all the locations of these stations. The employees who wear the wrist band developed by IntelligentM consist of the tags that can be read by the readers that are present on these sanitizing stations. The accelerometer that is present in the wrist band will identify the time spent by the wearer in washing the hand. The wrist band will not buzz once if the hands are washed correctly and thrice if they are not. * The RFID tags are also placed on some of the equipment and outside the patient’s rooms. Before carrying out any procedures that have higher risk of carrying infections, this system alerts the health care workers to properly clean their hands. * The employees are monitored at the end of each shift by collecting the data from the wrist band through the micro USB. In this way the hand hygiene system is monitored by the use of RFID (Young, 2013). RFID World Regulatory Bodies The regulating bodies from the following countries have an influence over the advancements of the RFID related technologies. * United States: FCC regulates electromagnetic spectrum. * Japan: Ministry of Public Management, Home Affairs, Posts and Telecommunications (MPHPT) * Europe: Bothe FCC and MPHPT are related to European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations (CEPT). RFID Standards in Health Care Industry International Standards Organization (ISO) ISO is a â€Å"non-governmental, international body based in Geneva, Switzerland† (McDonnell & Sheard, 2012). It provides standards for the tag data management and air interface protocols. European Committee for Standardization (CEN) European Committee for Standardization is a â€Å"European based non-profit organization located in Belgium†. CEN works in collaboration with ISO to develop balanced international standards in healthcare (McDonnell & Sheard, 2012). British Standards Institute (BSI) British Standards Institute â€Å"is a national standards body in the UK†. It is concerned with the products that are used in Healthcare and standards of these products (McDonnell & Sheard, 2012). American National Standards Institute (ANSI) American National Standards Institute is a body that is based in USA. It provides guidelines to develop products and approves the products that have met the recommended practices set by Association for the Advancement of Medical Instrumentation (McDonnell & Sheard, 2012). It provides standards related to the RFID labels on the products used by health care providers. ISO Standards for Health Care * ISO 13485: Provides guidelines for companies that manufacture medical equipment. * ISO 11784: Provides guidelines for structuring data on the tag. * ISO 18047: Provides guidelines for testing the conformance of RFID tags and readers. * ISO 18046: Provides guidelines for testing the performance of RFID tags and readers. * ISO 17664: Requires guidelines to be provided by the manufacturer to re-sterilize and decontaminate the medical devices. ISO 14937: Guidelines for developing and validating the sterilization process of healthcare devices (McDonnell & Sheard, 2012). Conclusion The RFID technology has come a long way in improving the productivity and efficiency of healthcare sector. By using the RFID technologies healthcare organizations can aim at providing improved patient care. By providing standards for development of various products equipped with RFID, t he products can be easily trusted and widely accepted.

Global Warming Essay An Inconvenent Truth - 1047 Words

Former United States Vice President Al Gore became interested in global warming during his years at Harvard University studying under Professor Roger Revelle. During the Clinton Administration Al Gore pushed and encouraged energy efficiency and alternate fuel resources. After Al Gore’s presidential election defeat to Georgia W. Bush in 2000, Gore focused his full attention back on global warming. Al Gore Traveled across the United States and around the world presenting a slide show featuring the concerns of global warming. Using updated material and animation â€Å"An Inconvenient Truth† was created. In this film that was the fifth highest grossing documentary to date in the United States; Al Gore puts forth an argument about our climate.†¦show more content†¦Massive heat waves are becoming more common. In 2003 Andhra Pradesh in India reached a high of 122oF. US Cities have reported all-time highs and temperatures being above 100oF for consecutive days. The Oceans are getting warmer causing stronger storms. All-time records were set in 2004 for number of hurricanes in the United States and the number and the size of typhoons in China. In 2005 Hurricane Katrina was a Category 1 storm but increased to a Category 4 as it went over warmer waters in the Gulf of Mexican causing devastation to the people in Louisiana, Alabama, Mississippi and Texas. It resulted in the death of 1,836 people and $81 Billion dollars in damage. E4 Flooding and ironically more draughts have occurred. Global warming not only increases precipitation world- wide but also relocates precipitation. Soil evaporation increases considerably with higher temperatures (An Inconvenient Truth). When it rains, it rains harder and when its not raining, its warmer - there is more evaporation, and droughts can last longer, explains Thomas R. Karl, director of the National Climatic Data Center. E5 Ice sheets are receding in sites such as Kilimanjaro, Glacier national Park, The Himalayas and the glaciers in Peru. If ice sheets in West Antarctica or Greenland were to melt completely, sea level would rise 20 feet. Coastline areas would flood, displacing hundreds of

Corporate Social Responsibility - 1904 Words

Corporate Social Responsibility The different aspects of corporate social responsibility (CSR) have been the topic of considerable debate since the last decades of the twentieth century. Main factor for the increased interest on the part of stakeholders in this topic are the increased public awareness and interest in the corporate social responsibility following the Information Revolution. This essay will assess the dangers and benefits of the business ethics for most of the stakeholders – employees, organizations, society, shareholders and the environment. It will also explore specific examples of corporate social responsibility in different large corporations and will make a comparison between two large companies’ ethical policies. The†¦show more content†¦The view that one can violate the â€Å"unwritten law†, or ethics, is wrong because the market tendencies are for an increase in the â€Å"punishment† in the terms of lower sales. In my opinion the fourth objection, the agen cy arguments, is the most significant of all the objections to business ethics stated above. According to that theory the market is â€Å"the key arbitrator† and it should be determining what the corporate social responsibility of the company needs to be. This is also a very flexible method to deliver the welfares the society wants. For example if a person wants to influence the government policy concerning the preservation of environment, she needs to wait for another four or even five years and vote for a party, which offers such policy. Instead, by buying a certain product of a company that promotes the wanted policy, the person could â€Å"cast his vote†. Boddy (2008) distinguishes four criteria of corporate social performance: economic, legal, ethical and discretionary. The economic responsibility is predominantly concerned with the short-run shareholders’ interests. 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